2012年美國的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 五、關(guān)于婦女和兒童權(quán)利 | V. On the rights of women and children |
| 美國是世界上少數(shù)幾個至今尚未批準(zhǔn)《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》和《兒童權(quán)利公約》的國家，在婦女和兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)方面依舊問題突出。 | The U.S. remains one of a few countries in the world that have not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It faces prominent problems in protecting the rights of women and children. |
| 女性遭遇就業(yè)和薪酬歧視。美國勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局2012年數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2011年，大約2/3的最低薪酬工作由女性承擔(dān)，61%的最低薪酬全職工是女性。（見注41）2012年4月17日的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示，按平均值，美國女性需要從2011年工作到2012年4月17日才能掙到美國男性2011年全年的收入，工資平均僅為男性的77%，黑人女性的工資相當(dāng)于男性的62%，拉丁裔女性的工資相當(dāng)于男性的54%，部分州有色人種女性工資水平尚不足有色人種男性工資收入的50%。（見注42）男女工資差異最大的是懷俄明州，女性的工資僅為男性的64%。（見注43）俄克拉荷馬州投票通過了州憲法修正案，終止了在州內(nèi)115個政府機(jī)構(gòu)中增加雇傭婦女和少數(shù)民族的積極行動計(jì)劃。（見注44）孕婦和新生兒母親面臨著現(xiàn)實(shí)的就業(yè)歧視問題，雇傭者并不尊重“懷孕歧視法案”，時常發(fā)生逼迫懷孕女員工離開自己工作崗位的事件。（見注45）休斯敦一名婦女為了讓新生兒喝到新鮮的母乳而向所在公司申請帶著吸奶器上班，卻因此被公司解雇，康涅狄格州一名孕婦在告知公司懷孕消息后被要求自行辭職。（見注46） | Women face discrimination in employment and payment. Women made up about two-thirds of all workers in the U.S. who were paid minimum wage or less in 2011 and 61 percent of full-time minimum wage workers, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (www.womensenews.org, December 11, 2012). On average, women have to work as far as April 17 into 2012 to catch up with that men earned in 2011, meaning women earned 77 cents to the male dollar. African American women earn 62 cents to the male dollar, Latinas 54 cents. In some states, women of color earn less than half as their male counterparts. Women in Wyoming, the lowest ranking state, earn just 64 cents on the male dollar (www.womensenews.org, April 30, 2012). Voters in Oklahoma approved an amendment to the state's constitution to end affirmative action programs in state government that had been designed to increase the hiring of minorities and women in the state's 115 agencies (www.articles.chicagotribune.com, November 7, 2012). The problems that pregnant women and new mothers face on the job are very real. Employers routinely ignore mandate in the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, and are forcing pregnant women out of the workplace (www.edition.cnn.com, November 26, 2012). A Houston mother says she was fired from her job at a collection agency after asking to bring a breast pump into the office so she'd have plenty of fresh breast milk for her newborn. A new Connecticut mom says her new employer asked her to resign after she told them she was pregnant (www.latimes.com, February 8, 2012). |
| 女性貧困率高于男性。國家婦女法律中心報告稱，2011年女性的貧困率為14.6%，高于男性的10.9%。40%的女性戶主家庭處于貧困狀態(tài)，一項(xiàng)針對退休婦女境況的報告顯示，女性退休人員的貧困率比男性退休人員高50%。（見注47） | The poverty rate among women is higher than males. The National Women's Law Center (NWLC) announced that the poverty rate for women in 2011 was 14.6 percent, compared to men's 10.9 percent. Women are more likely to live in poverty and about 40 percent of women who head families live in poverty, according to the NWLC. Another report on the plight of female retirees also notes that the poverty rate among retired women is 50 percent higher than their male counterparts (womensenews.org, September 17, 2012). |
| 婦女遭受暴力和性侵犯。在美國，平均每天有3名女性因家庭暴力而喪生。（見注48）反家庭暴力機(jī)構(gòu)在2011年9月發(fā)起的一項(xiàng)全國調(diào)查顯示，每天有超過67000名受害人接受他們的幫助。（見注49）2010年美國強(qiáng)奸案被捕率僅為24%。（見注50） 2012年，聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會針對婦女暴力問題特別報告員在提交聯(lián)大的報告中指出，美國多數(shù)監(jiān)獄未就防止囚犯性侵犯行為對監(jiān)獄管理人員進(jìn)行充分培訓(xùn)，監(jiān)獄強(qiáng)奸案發(fā)生之后通常不了了之，有罪不罰。（見注51） | Women are the victims of violence and sexual assaults. An average of three women in the U.S. lose their lives every day as a result of domestic violence (www.dccadv.org, October 1, 2012). A national census of domestic violence agencies in September 2011 found that more than 67,000 victims were served in a single day (www.womensenews.org, July 17, 2012). In 2010, the arrest rate for rape was 24 percent in the U.S. (www.thedailybeast.com, April 9, 2012). According to the Report on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly in 2012, most prison staff in the U.S. is not adequately trained to prevent or respond to inmate sexual assaults, and prison rape often goes unreported and untreated (United Nations document number A/67/227). |
| 美國女性軍人在服役期間也經(jīng)常遭受性騷擾和性侵害，有媒體質(zhì)疑美國軍隊(duì)中存在“強(qiáng)奸文化”。（見注52） 79%的女性軍人在服役期間遭遇過性騷擾，大量受害女性軍人患有創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙癥和抑郁癥。（見注53）美國空軍軍事教官路易斯·沃克強(qiáng)奸和性侵10名受訓(xùn)女性，是1990年以來美軍被曝出的最大性丑聞。（見注54） 2011年，近3200起在美國軍隊(duì)中的強(qiáng)奸和性侵害事件被正式報道，就連五角大樓也承認(rèn)這些事件僅占所有此類事件的15%；一項(xiàng)軍事調(diào)查顯示，約1/5美國軍隊(duì)中的女性曾經(jīng)受到過性侵害，但大多數(shù)受害人沒有向有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)報告。約半數(shù)的受害人說他們“不想在單位中招惹麻煩”。（見注55） | Women in the U.S. forces are the victims of widespread sexual abuse, leading to media allegation that the US military has a culture of rape (www.aljazeera.com, August 4, 2012). Around 79 percent of women serving in the military reported experiences of sexual harassment. Military sexual trauma often leads to debilitating conditions such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and major depression (www.servicewomen.org). That Air Force drill instructor Luis Walker was accused of raping and sexually assaulting 10 female trainees is the biggest sex scandal to hit the U.S. military since the 1990s (www.reuters.com, July 21, 2012). In 2011, nearly 3,200 rapes and sexual assaults were officially reported, but the Pentagon admits that represents just 15 percent of all incidents. A military survey revealed that one in five women in the US forces has been sexually assaulted, but most do not report it. Nearly half said that they "did not want to cause trouble in their unit" (www.aljazeera.com, August 4, 2012). |
| 少數(shù)族裔婦女健康狀況堪憂。在華盛頓特區(qū)貧困社區(qū)里，異性戀的非洲裔婦女艾滋病毒感染率較兩年前的6.3%幾乎增加了一倍，官員說該市90%的女性艾滋病患者是黑人。（見注56）非洲裔婦女只占美國女性人口總數(shù)的14%，而每年新感染艾滋病毒的婦女中，66%是黑人；黑人婦女艾滋病患者死亡率是白人婦女的近16倍。（見注57）《芝加哥論壇報》網(wǎng)站2012年8月3日報道稱，美國少數(shù)族裔婦女在分娩過程中或分娩后不久的死亡率要高于白人婦女。每出生10萬個嬰兒，就有7到9個白人母親死于生產(chǎn)過程之中，西班牙裔和亞裔母親中有10個左右，而黑人母親中則高達(dá)32到35人。 | The health of female minority groups is worrying. A media report in June 2012 said rate of HIV infection in heterosexual African American women in the poorest neighborhoods of Washington, D.C. nearly doubled the 6.3 percent infection rate two years before. Officials said 90 percent of all women with HIV in the city are black (www.washingtonpost.com, June 21, 2012). Sixty-six percent of the women newly infected with HIV each year are black, even though African-American women represent only 14 percent of the U.S. female population. The national age-adjusted death rate for black women in the U.S. is nearly 15 times higher than that observed for HIV-infected white women (www.newswise.com, March 7, 2012). Minority women in the U.S. are more likely to die during or soon after childbirth than white women, according to a report posted on the website of the Chicago Tribune on August 3, 2012. For every 100,000 babies born to white women, between seven and nine moms die from complications related to pregnancy. In comparison, 32 to 35 black women die for every 100,000 live babies. Deaths among Hispanic and Asian women - born in the U.S. and abroad - are closer to rates for white women at around 10 per 100,000. |
| 兒童人身安全得不到保障，人身自由受到侵害。英國《每日電訊報》網(wǎng)站2012年12月16日報道稱，美國兒童死于槍支的比率是排在其后面的全世界20個主要工業(yè)化國家總比率的25倍。全國反失蹤和被剝削兒童中心稱，每年至少有10萬名兒童被販賣。（見注58） | Children in the U.S. are not blessed with enough protection for their personal safety and freedom. According to a report posted on the website of the Daily Telegraph on December 16, 2012, the slaughter of children by gunfire in the U.S. is 25 times the rate of the 20 next largest industrial countries in the world combined. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children says at least 100,000 children across the country are trafficked each year (www.usatoday.com, September 27, 2012). |
| 兒童性侵害案件嚴(yán)重。美國防止虐待兒童網(wǎng)站2012年11月5日報道稱，20%成年女性和5－15%成年男性在童年或青少年時期遭遇過性虐待。2010年美國有63527名兒童成為性虐待的受害者。美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2012年10月18日報道稱，美國童子軍公布的1247件“不合格志愿者檔案”，詳細(xì)列舉了超過1000多名被控性侵兒童的童子軍領(lǐng)袖和志愿者的資料。他們被控在1965年到1985年性侵或猥褻男童而被開除出童子軍。報道稱，教士和地方童子軍領(lǐng)袖長期包庇性侵兒童的嫌疑人。前賓夕法尼亞州州立大學(xué)美式足球助理教練杰里·桑達(dá)斯基在長達(dá)15年的時間里對10名男孩進(jìn)行了性虐待。（見注59）2012年美國還曝出了系列宗教人員性侵兒童案件：7月，費(fèi)城天主教高級教士威廉姆·林恩因縱容一名涉嫌猥褻兒童的神職人員繼續(xù)接觸兒童而獲刑六年；（見注60）9月，一名堪薩斯城主教因未能舉報其手下一名制作兒童色情作品的神父而被判有罪。（見注61） | Child sexual abuse is a widespread public health problem. Research indicates that 20 percent of adult females and 5 to 15 percent adult males experienced sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence, according to a report posted on the website of www.preventchildabuse.org on November 5, 2012. In 2010, 63,527 children in the U.S. were victims of child sexual abuse. According to a report by the CNN on October 18, 2012, 1,247 "ineligible volunteer files" of the Boy Scout released that year identified more than 1,000 leaders and volunteers banned from Boy Scout after being accused of sexual or inappropriate conduct with boys from 1965 to 1985. Priests and leaders of the Boy Scouts had shielded abusers, according to the report. Former Pennsylvania State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky was convicted of abusing 10 children over 15 years (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2012). In 2012, several religious figures were found to have sexually assaulted children. In July 2012, Roman Catholic monsignor William Lynn was sentenced to six years in prison for allowing a priest suspected of sexual misconduct with a minor to have continued contact with children (the Wall Street Journal, July 24, 2012). In September, a Roman Catholic bishop in Kansas City was found guilty of failing to tell authorities about child pornography that was produced by a priest under his supervision (the Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2012). |
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兒童無家可歸者數(shù)量劇增，貧困率居高不下。美國教育部2012年6月27日發(fā)布數(shù)據(jù)顯示，公立學(xué)校報告的無家可歸兒童和青少年數(shù)量有史以來首次超過100萬，該數(shù)字尚不包括未登記人員在內(nèi)。44個州報告州內(nèi)無家可歸學(xué)生的數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)逐年增長的趨勢，15個州稱這一增幅在20%以上。自2006－2007學(xué)年以來，在公立學(xué)校登記入學(xué)的無家可歸兒童數(shù)量增加了57%。全國無家可歸和貧困法律中心2012年6月27日報告稱，密歇根州在公立學(xué)校登記入學(xué)的無家可歸兒童數(shù)量在2008到2011年間增長了315%。（見注62）2012年9月，紐約市兒童無家可歸者達(dá)到1萬9千人。14歲的弗朗切斯科居住在收容所里，他說，“收容所里的生活像地獄一樣”。（見注63）無家可歸的孩子學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)堪憂，只有52%的人能達(dá)到熟練閱讀水平，51%的人數(shù)學(xué)能夠及格。無家可歸的學(xué)生更容易失學(xué)，且高中畢業(yè)率遠(yuǎn)低于其他學(xué)生。（見注64）美國2012年發(fā)布的兒童及青少年主要生活指數(shù)顯示， 2010年， 1640萬0到17歲的美國兒童和青少年生活在貧困之中，約占該年齡段兒童和青少年總數(shù)的22%。（見注65）有14個州報告在2010年至2011年間，越來越多的兒童陷入貧困境地。（見注66）過去十年中，內(nèi)華達(dá)州的兒童貧困人口上升了38%。（見注67） 注41：womensenews.org，2012年12月11日。 注42：womensenews.org，2012年4月30日。 注43：同上。 注44：芝加哥論壇網(wǎng)站（articles.chicagotribune.com），2012年11月7日。 注45：美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)(edition.cnn.com)，2012年11月26日。 注46：《洛杉磯時報》網(wǎng)站（www.latimes.com），2012年2月8日。 注47：womensenews.org，2012年9月17日。 注48：www.dccadv.org，2012年10月1日。 注49：womensenews.org，2012年7月17日。 注50：www.thedailybeast.com，2012年4月9日。 注51：聯(lián)合國文件編號A/67/227。 注52：半島電視臺網(wǎng)站（www.aljazeera.com），2012年8月4日。 注53：服役女兵行動網(wǎng)（www.servicewomen.org）。 注54：路透社網(wǎng)站（www.reuters.com），2012年7月21日。 注55：半島電視臺網(wǎng)站（www.aljazeera.com），2012年8月4日。 注56：《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2012年6月21日。 注57： www.newswise.com，2012年3月7日。 注58：《今日美國報》，2012年9月27日。 注59：《今日美國報》，2012年10月10日。 注60：《華爾街日報》網(wǎng)站，2012年7月24日。 注61：《華爾街日報》，2012年9月6日。 注62：全國無家可歸和貧困法律中心網(wǎng)站（www.nlchp.org）,2012年6月27日。 注63：《紐約每日新聞》，2012年9月9日。 注64：今日全美教育協(xié)會網(wǎng)站（neatoday.org），2012年11月28日。 注65：《基督教科學(xué)箴言報》網(wǎng)站（www.csmonitor.com），2012年7月17日。 注66：今日美國網(wǎng)站（usatoday.com），2012年9月23日。 注67：《基督教科學(xué)箴言報》網(wǎng)站（www.csmonitor.com），2012年8月17日。 |
The number of homeless children increases sharply in the U.S. and many children are stricken by poverty. For the first time in history, public schools reported more than one million homeless children and youth, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Education on June 27, 2012. This total does not include homeless children and youth who were not enrolled in public preschool programs and those identified by school officials. Forty-four states reported school year-to-year increases in the number of homeless students, with 15 states reporting increases of 20 percent or more. The number of homeless children enrolled in public schools has increased 57 percent since the 2006-2007 school year. In Michigan, the number of homeless children enrolled in public schools had increased 315 percent between 2008 and 2011 (www.nlchp.org, June 27, 2012). The number of children in New York city's shelters hit 19,000 by September 2012. Francheska Luciano, 14, said living in shelter was "like living in hell." (www.nydailynews.com, September 9, 2012) The U.S. Department of Education said in a report that only 52 percent of identified homeless students who took standardized tests were proficient in reading, and only 51 percent passed the math portion. Homeless students were also found to be more likely to drop out of school and less likely to graduate from high school than their classmates (www.neatoday.org, Nov. 28, 2012). According to "America's Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2012," 22 percent of the children aged 0 to 17, or 16.4 million kids, live in poverty in 2010 (www.csmonitor.com, July 17, 2012). Fourteen states saw increases in child poverty between 2010 and 2011 (usatoday.com, September 23, 2012). Nevada saw a 38 percent increase in child poverty over the past decade (www.csmonitor.com, August 17, 2011). |
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