2012年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 四、關(guān)于種族歧視 | IV. On Racial Discrimination |
| 美國(guó)長(zhǎng)期存在的種族歧視未見(jiàn)改善，少數(shù)族裔的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)權(quán)利未能得到平等保障。 | The long-existing racial discrimination prevalent in the U.S. society sees no improvements, and ethnic minorities do not enjoy equal political, economic and social rights. |
| 少數(shù)族裔的選舉權(quán)受到限制。在2012年11月舉行的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)大選中，部分亞裔選民在投票站遭遇投票障礙，并受到歧視。（見(jiàn)注19）聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)特別報(bào)告員聯(lián)名指控美國(guó)未能確保非洲裔和拉丁裔美國(guó)人充分行使投票權(quán)?！恫ㄊ款D評(píng)論》2013年1月－2月號(hào)刊報(bào)道稱(chēng)，截至2010年，美國(guó)有超過(guò)585萬(wàn)公民由于刑事犯罪被剝奪選舉權(quán)，目前由于刑事犯罪而被剝奪選舉權(quán)的非洲裔美國(guó)人超過(guò)200萬(wàn)。美國(guó)司法部長(zhǎng)也承認(rèn)，由于少數(shù)族裔選舉權(quán)受到身份證法的限制，使部分人在事實(shí)上被剝奪了該項(xiàng)權(quán)利。（見(jiàn)注20） | Ethnic Americans' rights to vote are limited. During the presidential election in November 2012, some Asian-American voters were obstructed at voting stations and received with discriminations (The China Press, November 8, 2012). The United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur used to lodge a joint accusation against the U.S. of failing to fully guarantee the rights to vote of African-Americans and Hispanics. The January/February 2013 edition of the Boston Review reported that as of 2010, more than 5.85 million American citizens were disenfranchised because of criminal convictions, and more than two million African-Americans currently are stripped of their right to vote. The U.S. attorney general also acknowledged, as the rights to vote of some ethnic Americans were restricted by laws requiring proof of identity, some people are as a matter of fact stripped of such rights (The Guardian, May. 30, 2012). |
| 少數(shù)族裔在就業(yè)方面受到歧視，經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況惡化。美國(guó)勞工部統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2012年10月，白人失業(yè)率為7.0%，非洲裔失業(yè)率為14.3%，拉丁裔的失業(yè)率則為10.0%。（見(jiàn)注21） 美國(guó)均等就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)委員會(huì)認(rèn)定某企業(yè)在人員雇傭上存在明顯的種族歧視。（見(jiàn)注22）亞裔和非洲裔重新就業(yè)所耗時(shí)間明顯長(zhǎng)于白人，亞裔平均為27.7周，非洲裔為27周，而白人為19.7周。（見(jiàn)注23）美國(guó)勞工部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2012年，紐約市約有50%的黑人處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)，這些人失業(yè)后平均需要花上一年時(shí)間才能找到新工作。（見(jiàn)注24） 就業(yè)歧視是導(dǎo)致收入差距和貧困的重要原因之一。美國(guó)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)局2012年9月12日的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2011年非洲裔美國(guó)人家庭收入中位數(shù)為32229美元，不到非西班牙裔白人收入的60%；非洲裔美國(guó)人貧困率為27.6%，約為非西班牙裔白人貧困率的3倍。 | Ethnic Americans are discriminated against in the job market, and their economic well-being worsens as a result. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rate of whites was registered 7.0 percent in Oct. 2012, 14.3 percent for African-Americans and 10.0 percent for Hispanics. The average period of unemployment for ethnic minorities is notably longer than that for whites. Asians are unemployed on average for 27.7 weeks, African-Americans for 27 weeks (Desert News, December 4, 2012). According to data from the federal Labor Department, over half of all African-Americans and non-Hispanic blacks in New York city, who were old enough to work, had no jobs in 2012, and it takes them almost a full year on average to find another job (Madame Noire, June 21, 2012). Employment discrimination is the main reason behind income disparity and poverty. According to statistics released by the U.S. Census Bureau on September 12, 2012, the median household income for African-Americans was 32,229 U.S. dollars in 2011, less than 60 percent of that of non-Hispanic whites; and the poverty rate for African-Americans stood at 27.6 percent, almost three times of that of non-Hispanic whites. |
| 執(zhí)法和司法領(lǐng)域種族歧視嚴(yán)重。路透社網(wǎng)站2012年7月3日?qǐng)?bào)道稱(chēng)，跟其他族裔相比，警察更袒護(hù)白人。紐約市在2011年68.5萬(wàn)次警察街頭攔截檢查中，超過(guò)85%針對(duì)黑人和拉丁裔人群。少數(shù)族裔被執(zhí)法部門(mén)侵害的事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。阿肯色州一名21歲黑人青年被警察搜身后帶入巡邏車(chē)，其后他被發(fā)現(xiàn)在雙手被銬住的情況下頭部中槍死亡。（見(jiàn)注25）28歲的黑人穆罕默德·巴哈被紐約警方射殺引發(fā)非洲裔社團(tuán)的憤怒。（見(jiàn)注26）“得州民權(quán)項(xiàng)目”網(wǎng)站2012年7月24日的文章稱(chēng)，由于奧斯汀警方濫用武力，自2011年以來(lái)發(fā)生了兩起警方槍殺少數(shù)族裔嫌疑人事件。當(dāng)?shù)厝藱?quán)機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人指出，警方對(duì)受害人死因調(diào)查的細(xì)致深入程度甚至比不上對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匾粭l狗的死因調(diào)查。2013年1月14日，美國(guó)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》專(zhuān)欄作家查爾斯·M·布洛在一篇文章中指出，美國(guó)“實(shí)現(xiàn)種族和諧的愿望正在破產(chǎn)。對(duì)黑皮膚的根本性歧視——這一奴隸制度的支柱卻依然頑固存在?！保ㄒ?jiàn)注27） | Racial discrimination is rampant in the field of law enforcement and justice. The Reuters website reported on July 3, 2012, police tend to be more lenient to whites. Out of more than 685,000 police stops in New York City in 2011, more than 85 percent of the stopped were black or Hispanic. Ethnic Americans are often offended by law enforcement authorities. A 21-year-old black man in Arkansas was searched and put into a police car, and later was found shot in the head while handcuffed (www. telegraph.co.uk, August 8, 2012). The incidence where a 28-year-old black man, Mohamed Bah, was shot dead by New York police outraged the black community (NYDailyNews.com, September 26, 2012). An article on the website of Texas Civil Rights Project on July 24, 2012 said the Austin police' excessive use of force had led to two fatal police shootings of minority suspects since 2011. The president of the Texas Civil Rights Project said that the shooting death of a dog even received more thorough and careful investigation than the death of a black victim. The New York Times columnist Charles M. Blow wrote an article on January 14, 2013, saying "the idea that progress toward racial harmony would or should be steady and continuous is fraying. And the pillars of the institution -- the fundamental devaluation of dark skin and strained justifications for the unconscionable -- have proved surprisingly resilient." |
| 宗教歧視明顯上升，侮辱和攻擊穆斯林的事件增多。穆斯林人口不到美國(guó)總?cè)丝诘?%，但是聯(lián)邦政府調(diào)查的宗教歧視案件中，14%涉及穆斯林；在職場(chǎng)宗教歧視案件中，25%涉及穆斯林。（見(jiàn)注28） 2012年9月，美國(guó)一名導(dǎo)演拍攝并在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上播放侮辱伊斯蘭教先知的電影，再次引發(fā)全球穆斯林的抗議浪潮。在休斯敦，有人將一頭死豬扔在一座清真寺的門(mén)口。（見(jiàn)注29）美國(guó)海軍特種部隊(duì)被曝出將穆斯林女性持槍圖作為訓(xùn)練標(biāo)靶使用。（見(jiàn)注30） 57歲的穆斯林巴沙爾·艾哈邁德在清真寺外被人撕咬并刺傷，兇手行兇時(shí)大喊反穆斯林口號(hào)。（見(jiàn)注31）自“9·11”事件以來(lái)，美國(guó)司法部已調(diào)查超過(guò)800起針對(duì)穆斯林、阿拉伯和南亞裔的暴力、縱火和破壞公共財(cái)物事件。（見(jiàn)注32） | Religious discrimination is rapidly on the rise, with an increase in insults and attacks against Muslims. Muslims account for less than one percent of the U.S. population, but are involved in 14 percent of religious discrimination cases under investigation of the federal government, and 25 percent of employment-related discrimination cases (www. sinovision.net, March 29, 2011). In September, 2012, a U.S. film director made a film that is insulting to the Prophet Muhammad and posted it online, which triggered waves of protests in the Muslim world. In Houston, a dead pig was left in front of a mosque (abclocal.go.com, December 5, 2012). The U.S. Navy special operations force was reported to use images of gun-holding Muslim women as training targets (www.nydailynews.com, July 3, 2012). The 57-year-old Muslim, Bashir Ahmad, was stabbed and bitten outside a Mosque by a suspect who shouted anti-Muslim expletive during the attack (Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2012). Since the September 11 attacks, the U.S. Justice Department has investigated more than 800 incidents of violence, vandalism and arson against people believed to be Muslim, Arab or South Asian (www. reuters.com, March 29, 2011). |
| 種族隔離在美國(guó)事實(shí)上依然存在。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》2012年8月6日?qǐng)?bào)道稱(chēng)，在紐約的高檔社區(qū)上東區(qū)，非西班牙裔黑人居民僅占2.7%，白人居民占81%。當(dāng)?shù)氐姆课莨芾砦瘑T會(huì)可以拒絕黑人買(mǎi)主在此購(gòu)買(mǎi)房屋而不給出任何理由，上東區(qū)賣(mài)主拒絕黑人買(mǎi)主已經(jīng)名聲在外。調(diào)查顯示，紐約在一項(xiàng)對(duì)黑人隔離的城市排行榜中位列第二位，在對(duì)西班牙裔和亞裔人群隔離的排行榜中居第三位。美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局房地產(chǎn)公司主管因拒絕租房給3個(gè)非洲裔美國(guó)人而被起訴。他聲稱(chēng)沒(méi)有房子可以出租，卻在一小時(shí)內(nèi)帶白人租戶(hù)看房，并說(shuō):“你們看起來(lái)像好人，所以我才帶你們看?！保ㄒ?jiàn)注33）此外，還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)許多工作場(chǎng)所中種族隔離的情形也越來(lái)越明顯，調(diào)查的58個(gè)行業(yè)中有19個(gè)行業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出種族隔離的傾向。（見(jiàn)注34） | Apartheid in fact still exists in the American society. New York Times reported on August 6, 2012 that, the proportion of non-Hispanic black residents on the Upper East Side is only 2.7 percent, and whites 81 percent. Local co-op boards can reject black buyers without giving a reason, and some Upper East Side co-ops have a reputation for rejecting black buyers. A study found that the New York area was the second most segregated for black people and the third most segregated for Hispanic and Asian residents. A superintendent of NASA Real Estate Corporation was sued for refusing to show three African-Americans any openings, claiming no apartments were available for rent, but showing vacancies to white individuals who inquired about the same apartments less than an hour after turning down black renters, saying, "You look like nice people. That's why I show you." (queenscourier.com, December 12, 2012) Furthermore, studies found a rising tide of apartheid in the U.S. workplace. Nineteen out of the 58 surveyed industries showed a trend toward racial re-segregation between white men and black men (www.washingtonpost.com, October 25, 2012). |
| 種族關(guān)系緊張，仇恨犯罪頻發(fā)。美聯(lián)社2012年10月28日?qǐng)?bào)道，最新民意調(diào)查顯示，51%的美國(guó)人對(duì)非洲裔美國(guó)人持明確的反對(duì)態(tài)度，較2008年上升了3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。美國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站2012年11月19日?qǐng)?bào)道，紐約市布魯克林區(qū)在四個(gè)月中接連有3名中東裔商店業(yè)主遭槍擊身亡，警方稱(chēng)不排除種族偏見(jiàn)是槍手的作案動(dòng)機(jī)。密西西比州兩名年輕白人男子因種族原因用卡車(chē)故意碾壓一名黑人男子致死，這兩人自2011年起多次使用啤酒瓶、彈弓、機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)等工具對(duì)附近黑人進(jìn)行騷擾和攻擊，并時(shí)常在他人面前吹噓自己的行為。（見(jiàn)注35）白人槍手韋德·邁克爾·佩奇在錫克教寺廟槍殺6人，其殺人動(dòng)機(jī)與新納粹仇恨組織的宣傳煽動(dòng)有關(guān)，并被懷疑為白人至上主義分子。（見(jiàn)注36） | Racial relationship is in tension, and hate crimes take place frequently. The Associated Press reported on October 28, 2012, citing a latest poll, that 51 percent of Americans now express explicit anti-African-American attitudes, three percentage points higher than in 2008. The abc.go.com reported on November 19, 2012, three shop owners of Middle Eastern descent were shot dead in four months in Brooklyn, New York, and the police cannot rule out the possibility of the homicides being racially motivated. Two young white men from Mississippi killed a black man by running a truck over him. The two, since 2011, have frequently assaulted and attacked African-Americans in and around Jackson, Mississippi, using beer bottles, sling shots and motor vehicles, and they often bragged about their exploits (Reuters, December 5, 2012). A white gunman named Wade Michael Page killed six Sikh worshippers at their temple, and his motivation was linked to neo-Nazi propaganda, and he was suspected to be a white supremacist (edition. cnn.com, August 10, 2012). |
| 土著人權(quán)利得不到應(yīng)有保障。2012年，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)種族主義問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員穆圖馬·魯泰雷指出，納瓦霍人仍面臨嚴(yán)重的種族歧視，無(wú)法獲得平等的法律待遇和司法救濟(jì)。（見(jiàn)注37）聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)土著人權(quán)利問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員詹姆斯·安納亞指出，一些開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目使美國(guó)土著人難以進(jìn)入和使用他們的圣地。他在報(bào)告中援引有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)研究數(shù)據(jù)指出，美國(guó)土著人的貧困率是全國(guó)貧困率的兩倍，壽命比全國(guó)平均壽命短5.2年。僅13%的美國(guó)土著人擁有大學(xué)學(xué)歷，遠(yuǎn)低于28%的全國(guó)平均水平。土著人婦女遭受暴力侵害的比例是全國(guó)平均值的兩倍多，1/3的土著人婦女一生中會(huì)遭受強(qiáng)暴。（見(jiàn)注38） | Native Americans' rights are not properly guaranteed. In 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on racism, Mutuma Ruteere, pointed out Navajos, a branch of Native Americans, faced racial discrimination, including the lack of access to justice and legal remedies (United Nations document number A/67/328). United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous people, James Anaya, said the ability of Native Americans to use and access their sacred places is often curtailed by mining, logging, hydroelectric and other development projects. He cited research figures of relevant institutions, saying Native Americans' poverty rates nearly double the national average, and their life expectancy is 5.2 years less than the national average. Thirteen percent of Native Americans hold a basic university degree, much lower than the national average, 28 percent. Indigenous women are more than twice as likely as all other women to be victims of violence and one in three of them will be raped during her lifetime (United Naitons document number A/HRC/21/47/Add.1). |
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非法移民的權(quán)利被侵犯。美國(guó)移民拘留所的死亡事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)法外處決問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員克里斯托弗·海因斯在其報(bào)告中指出，一些對(duì)移民的羈押既無(wú)必要也不恰當(dāng)，發(fā)生死亡事件的移民羈押場(chǎng)所類(lèi)似監(jiān)獄，被羈押的移民難以獲得基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)。（見(jiàn)注39）聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)專(zhuān)家和南佛羅里達(dá)移民組織呼吁美國(guó)停止遣返海地移民。人權(quán)組織認(rèn)為美國(guó)的遣返違反人權(quán)原則，遣返將導(dǎo)致這些海地人面臨生命危險(xiǎn)。（見(jiàn)注40） 注19：《僑報(bào)》，2012年11月8日。 注20：《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.guardian.co.uk），2012年5月30日。 注21：美國(guó)勞工部統(tǒng)計(jì)局網(wǎng)站（www.bls.gov），2012年11月2日。 注22：www.philly.com，2012年12月4日。 注23：《猶他新聞》網(wǎng)站（www.deseretnews.com），2012年12月4日。 注24：madamenoire.com，2012年6月21日。 注25：《英國(guó)每日電訊報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.telegraph.co.uk），2012年8月8日。 注26：紐約每日新聞網(wǎng)（www.nydailynews.com），2012年9月26日。 注27：《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站，2013年1月14日。 注28：美國(guó)中文網(wǎng)（www.sinovision.net），2011年3月29日。 注29：休斯敦新聞網(wǎng)（abclocal.go.com），2012年12月5日。 注30：紐約每日新聞網(wǎng)（www.nydailynews.com），2012年7月3日。 注31：《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》，2012年11月19日。 注32：路透社網(wǎng)站（www.reuters.com），2011年3月29日。 注33：queenscourier.com，2012年12月12日。 注34：《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www．washingtonpost.com），2012年10月25日。 注35：路透社，2012年12月5日。 注36：美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（edition.cnn.com），2012年8月10日。 注37：聯(lián)合國(guó)文件編號(hào)A/67/328。 注38：聯(lián)合國(guó)文件編號(hào)A/HRC/21/47/Add.1。 注39：聯(lián)合國(guó)文件編號(hào)A/HRC/20/22/Add.3。 注40：《邁阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》，2012年6月6日。 |
The rights of illegal immigrants are violated. Deaths often occur in immigration detention centers. United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur Christof Heyns said in his report that deaths occurred in prison-like conditions where detention was neither necessary nor appropriate, and where no proper medical care was provided (United Nations document number A/HRC/20/22/Add.3). U.N human rights experts and South Florida Haitian rights advocates call for the U.S. to suspend all deportations to Haiti, saying the deportations may constitute a human rights violation, and may place the Haitians in a life-threatening position (The Miami Herald, June 6, 2012). |
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