2012年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 二、關(guān)于公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利 | II. On Civil and Political Rights |
| 近年來(lái)，美國(guó)政府對(duì)公民采取了更加嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)視措施。警察虐待嫌疑人和服刑人員現(xiàn)象屢見(jiàn)不鮮。公民平等選舉權(quán)不斷受到侵害。 | The recent years have seen closer surveillance of American citizens by the U.S. government. In the country, abuse of suspects and jail inmates is common occurrence, and equal suffrage enjoyable by citizens continues to be undermined. |
| 美國(guó)政府不斷強(qiáng)化對(duì)民眾的監(jiān)控，大幅限制和縮減美國(guó)社會(huì)的自由空間，嚴(yán)重侵犯公民自由。2012年美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)法律，授權(quán)政府通過(guò)未經(jīng)許可的竊聽(tīng)及電子通訊手段侵犯民眾隱私。據(jù)科技咨詢網(wǎng)2012年5月4日一篇報(bào)道，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局起草了一部法案，要求社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)站、IP網(wǎng)絡(luò)語(yǔ)音傳輸技術(shù)的提供方、即時(shí)信息、網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子郵件服務(wù)商等更改代碼，以便政府進(jìn)行監(jiān)控。美國(guó)民權(quán)同盟2012年9月27日公布的文件顯示，聯(lián)邦執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)美國(guó)人的電子通訊監(jiān)控正在日益增多。從2009年到2011年，司法部使用“電子筆錄器”和“誘捕與追蹤裝置”監(jiān)視電話通訊次數(shù)從23535次增加到37616次，增長(zhǎng)了60%；獲準(zhǔn)使用“電子筆錄器”和“誘捕與追蹤裝置”檢測(cè)個(gè)人電子郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)的次數(shù)增長(zhǎng)了361%。國(guó)家安全局通過(guò)“嚴(yán)格和系統(tǒng)”的方式，收集美國(guó)民眾純粹家庭內(nèi)部的信息往來(lái)記錄，每天截獲和存儲(chǔ)17億條電子郵件、電話和其他溝通類型的信息。2012年3月的一項(xiàng)有線調(diào)查顯示，2012年美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局在猶他州籌建一個(gè)巨型數(shù)據(jù)中心，用于存放和分析“全世界范圍內(nèi)的海量通信”。（見(jiàn)注3）美國(guó)公民自由聯(lián)盟披露，美國(guó)政府使用的軍用無(wú)人機(jī)有可能用于暗中監(jiān)視美國(guó)公民。（見(jiàn)注4） | The U.S. government continues to step up surveillance of ordinary Americans, restricting and reducing the free sphere of the American society to a considerable extent, and seriously violating the freedom of citizens. The U.S. congress approved a bill in 2012 that authorizes the government to conduct warrantless wiretapping and electronic communications monitoring, a move that violates people's rights to privacy. According to a report carried on May 4, 2012 by the CNET website, the FBI general counsel' s office has drafted a proposed law requiring that social-networking websites and providers of VoIP, instant messaging, and Web e-mail to alter their code to ensure their products are wiretap-friendly (news.cnet.com, May 4, 2012). Documents released by the American Civil Liberties Union on September 27, 2012, reveal that federal law enforcement agencies are increasingly monitoring American's electronic communications. Between 2009 and 2011, the Justice Department' s combined number of original orders for "pen registers" and "trap and trace devices" used to spy on phones increased by 60 percent, from 23,535 in 2009 to 37,616 in 2011. The number of authorizations the Justice Department received to use these devices on individuals' email and network data increased 361 percent between 2009 and 2011. The National Security Agency collects purely domestic communications of Americans in a "significant and systematic" way, intercepting and storing 1.7 billion emails, phone calls and other types of communications every day. A Wired investigation published in March 2012 revealed the NSA is currently constructing a huge data center in Utah, meant to store and analyze "vast swaths of the world' s communications" from foreign and domestic networks (The Guardian, July 10, 2012). As the American Civil Liberties Union explained in its December 2011 report, the U.S. could potentially use military drones to spy on its citizens (Fars News Agency, June 26, 2012). |
| 2012年9月17日是“占領(lǐng)華爾街”運(yùn)動(dòng)一周年紀(jì)念日，在華爾街附近的示威者與警方爆發(fā)大規(guī)模沖突，有超過(guò)100人被逮捕。（見(jiàn)注5）媒體擔(dān)心美國(guó)新聞立法會(huì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)厲。由于發(fā)表不同政治觀點(diǎn)，美國(guó)記者失業(yè)的情況很常見(jiàn)。（見(jiàn)注6） | On September 17, 2012, or the first anniversary of Occupy Wall Street's initial demonstration, confrontations between protesters and police around the Wall Street resulted in the arrests of more than 100 people (The New York Times, September 17, 2012). The U.S. journalist community is worried about the continued toughening up of legislation on mass media. It is frequent that journalists in the U.S. lose their jobs because of "politically incorrect" opinions (www.mid.ru, October 22, 2012). |
| 美國(guó)警察因侵犯嫌疑人和服刑人員權(quán)利而遭受的投訴與指控呈上升趨勢(shì)。紐約市警察局卷入了多宗訴訟案，其警察被控在執(zhí)法過(guò)程中侵犯公民權(quán)利。據(jù)《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》2012年3月6日?qǐng)?bào)道，51歲的尤金·格魯伯在被拘留期間遭受的暴力虐待致其全身癱瘓，4個(gè)月后不治身亡；3月21日又報(bào)道，7名北芝加哥地區(qū)警察對(duì)嫌疑犯達(dá)林·漢納采用捆綁、電擊等刑訊手段，使?jié)h納在一周后即因嚴(yán)重的身體創(chuàng)傷而死亡。美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2012年5月17日?qǐng)?bào)道稱，美國(guó)各州被關(guān)押人員中有9.6%的人在關(guān)押期間受到性侵犯，比2008年增加了一倍多。在得克薩斯州監(jiān)獄，許多犯人被關(guān)押在室溫高達(dá)華氏3位數(shù)的牢房?jī)?nèi)，58歲的拉里·基恩·麥考倫、44歲的亞歷山大·托貢尼茨、57歲的麥克爾·戴維·馬爾托尼和52歲的肯尼斯·韋恩·詹姆斯于2011年死于中暑，另有至少5名囚犯的死亡也與室內(nèi)高溫有關(guān)。（見(jiàn)注7） | Complaints and allegations of American police violating rights of suspects and jail inmates are going up. A litany of lawsuits was brought against the New York City Police Department, with police officers charged with violating civil rights in law enforcement. According to a report carried by the Chicago Tribune on March 6, 2012, jail inmate Eugene Gruber, 51, was paralyzed a day after he walked into a jail where he was believed to have been maltreated. He died of injury four months after the jail incident. Another report by the Chicago Tribune on March 21, 2012 showed that suspect Darrin Hanna suffered trauma from physical restraint and Taser shocks during a struggle with North Chicago police and died a week later. The CNN reported on May 17, 2012 that some 9.6 percent of the prisoners in state prisons are sexually victimized during confinement, more than double the rate cited in a report on the subject in 2008. In Texas state prisons, many inmates are housed in triple-digit temperatures in Fahrenheit. Four inmates -- Larry Gene McCollum, 58; Alexander Togonidze, 44; Michael David Martone, 57; and Kenneth Wayne James, 52 -- died in summer of 2011 from heat stroke, and at least five others were believed to have died from heat-related causes (www.texascivilrightsproject.org, July 7, 2012). |
| 美國(guó)公民并沒(méi)有真正享有平等的選舉權(quán)。2012年美國(guó)總統(tǒng)選舉中，符合條件的選民人數(shù)比2008年增加了800萬(wàn)，但實(shí)際參加投票的人數(shù)反而減少了500萬(wàn)，投票率僅為57.5%。（見(jiàn)注8）皮尤中心2012年2月的一份調(diào)查報(bào)告稱，選民登記系統(tǒng)存在著錯(cuò)誤和低效，削弱了選民的熱情，也加劇了黨派間關(guān)于選舉公正性的爭(zhēng)論。（見(jiàn)注9） | American citizens have never really enjoyed common and equal suffrage. Despite an increase of over eight million citizens in the eligible population in the U.S. presidential election of 2012, voter turnout registered a drop of five million from four years before, with only 57.5 percent of eligible citizens voting (bipartisanpolicy.org, November 8, 2012). A February 2012 report by the Pew Center said America's voter registration system is plagued with errors and inefficiencies that undermine voter confidence and fuel partisan disputes over the integrity of the country's elections (www.pewstates.org). |
| 美國(guó)選舉形同金錢對(duì)決，政治獻(xiàn)金深刻影響美國(guó)的政策走向。2012年，美國(guó)選舉的總花費(fèi)為60億美元，截至2012年10月17日，民主黨候選人籌款數(shù)額為10.6億美元，共和黨候選人籌款數(shù)額為9. 54億美元，兩大陣營(yíng)巨額花費(fèi)的背后都有財(cái)團(tuán)資助。（見(jiàn)注10）據(jù)一項(xiàng)民意調(diào)查顯示，近90%的美國(guó)人認(rèn)為2012年競(jìng)選中來(lái)自商界的捐資太多，政治獻(xiàn)金只會(huì)讓富人對(duì)決策有更大影響力。（見(jiàn)注11）美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)一名教授認(rèn)為，美國(guó)的政治制度陷入了一場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重危機(jī)，它受到利益集團(tuán)及其出資人的擺布。競(jìng)選捐款“助長(zhǎng)了其他所有的弊端”。美國(guó)政治正在腐化美國(guó)人民，使他們一步步陷入對(duì)有組織利益集團(tuán)的依賴。（見(jiàn)注12） | The U.S. election is like money wars, with trends of the country's policies deeply influenced by political donations. The 2012 election had an estimated cost totalling six billion U.S. dollars. The Obama campaign and the Democratic camp raised 1.06 billion dollars, and the Romney campaign and the Republican camp raised a total of 954 million dollars (www.standard.co.uk, November 6, 2012). Both groups have funding support from business giants. An opinion poll showed that nearly 90 percent of Americans believe the 2012 election is marked by too many political donations from business circles, which will mean the increased influence of the rich over the country's policy-making (The International Herald Leader [Chinese newspaper], November 16, 2012). A Harvard professor said America' s political system is sinking into serious crisis as it is under manipulation of interest groups and their sponsors. Election donations give a loose rein to all other defects. American politics are corroding the people, making them increasingly dependent on interest groups (Internationale Politik, November & December issue, 2012). |
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《基督教科學(xué)箴言報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2012年11月5日引用國(guó)際知名人士的評(píng)論指出，在美國(guó)總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選中，易出問(wèn)題的投票器、對(duì)投票器做手腳的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、計(jì)票缺乏透明以及選舉人團(tuán)制度都使美國(guó)的選舉制度存在嚴(yán)重缺陷。 注3：《衛(wèi)報(bào)》，2012年7月10日。 注4：《法爾斯通訊社》，2012年6月26日。 注5：《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》，2012年9月16日。 注6：俄羅斯外交部網(wǎng)站（www.mid.ru），2012年10月22日。 注7：“得州民權(quán)項(xiàng)目”網(wǎng)站(www.texascivilrightsproject.org)，2012年7月7日。 注8：兩黨政策中心網(wǎng)站（bipartisanpolicy.org），2012年11月8日。 注9：美國(guó)皮尤中心（www.pewstates.org），2012年2月。 注10：英國(guó)《旗幟晚報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.standard.co.uk），2012年11月6日。 注11：《國(guó)際先驅(qū)導(dǎo)報(bào)》，2012年11月16日。 注12：德國(guó)《國(guó)際政治》，2012年11－12月號(hào)刊。 |
Citing a world-known analyst, the Christian Science Monitor website in a report on November 5, 2012 said America's trouble-prone voting machines, the risk of tampering in those machines, the lack of transparency in vote tabulation, and then the Electoral College system, combine to give the country an election system that leaves much to be desired. |
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