??? (2)逆序法。英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習(xí)慣不同,甚至完全相反,這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。例如:
??? 例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
??? 分析:這個句子由一個主句、兩個原因狀語和一個定語從句組成。“鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句,也是全句的中心內(nèi)容。全句共有四個謂語結(jié)構(gòu),共有五層意思:A. 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);B. 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;C. 由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;D. 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;E. 鋁跟氧有很強的親和力。按照漢語的表達習(xí)慣通常因在前、果在后,這樣,我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:
??? 鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合,因為鋁跟氧有很強的親和力;由于這個原因,在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
??? 例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
??? 分析:該句由一個主句、一個條件狀語從句和一個賓語從句組成?!啊?/span>變得越來越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心內(nèi)容。全句共有三個謂語結(jié)構(gòu),包含三層含義:A. ……變的越來越重要;B. 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機會;C. 得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息,作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣,我們也采用逆序法,翻譯成:
??? 因此,如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機會,就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息,作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。
??? 下面我們再舉幾個實例:
??? 例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
??? 一旦了解英語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型,再往下學(xué)似乎就越來越難了,這其中的原因,也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。
??? 例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
??? 對于以往幾代人來說,舊式的體力勞動是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段,而技術(shù)的進步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動,因此首先體驗到技術(shù)進步之害的是窮人。
??? 例5. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
??? 50年代后期的美國出現(xiàn)了一個任何人都不可能視而不見的現(xiàn)象,窮知識分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國典型的窮人,正是這個時候大批大學(xué)生被趕進了知識分子的貧民窟。
??? 例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
??? 許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會地位,這在西方倒是人之常情。
??? 例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
??? 假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動物保護我們,昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼,害死我們的牛羊家畜,使我們不能生存于世。
??? (3)分句法。有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切,翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣,把長句的從句或短語化成句子,分開來敘述。為了使語意連貫,有時需要適當(dāng)增加詞語。例如:
?? 例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.
??? 上句在英語中是一個相對簡單的句子,但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯,就可能被翻譯成:
??? 沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。
??? 這樣,就使得譯文極為不通順,不符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。因此,我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:
??? 大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力,這簡直令人難以置信。
??? 例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考題)
??? 分析:在此長句中,有一個插入語“it is often said”、三個并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu),還有一個定語從句。這三個并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上屬于同一個句子,但都有獨立的意義,因此在翻譯時,可以采用分句法,按照漢語的習(xí)慣把整個句子分解成幾個獨立的分句,結(jié)果為:
??? 人們常說,通過電視可以了解時事、掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。
??? 下面我們再舉一個例子:
??? 例3. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考題)
??? 他們所必須做的只是按一下開關(guān)。開關(guān)一開,就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動人心的足球賽更是不在話下。
??? 例4. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
??? 雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式,但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。
??? (4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語長句的逆序法、順序法和分句法,事實上,在翻譯一個英語長句時,并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法,而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用,這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下,一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便,這就需要我們的仔細分析,或按照時間的先后,或按照邏輯順序,順逆結(jié)合,主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。例如:
??? 例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
??? 分析:該句共有三層含義:A. 人們不敢出門;B. 盡管警察已接到命令,要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;C. 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。在這三層含義中,B表示讓步,C表示原因,而A則表示結(jié)果。按照漢語習(xí)慣順序,我們作如下的安排:
??? 盡管警察已接到命令,要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況,但人們不敢出門,因為警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。
??? 下面我們再舉幾個例子:
??? 例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
??? 對于現(xiàn)代書籍,特別是教科書來說,要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話,那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時間,將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。
??? 例3. Taking his cue from Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
??? 易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走,因為她憎惡她的丈夫像對待孩子一樣來對待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示,從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養(yǎng)活自己,她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟上的權(quán)利。
??? 例4. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.
到目前為止,經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個世紀(jì),這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生產(chǎn)活動、商業(yè)往來、政府部門以及娛樂場所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。
(來源:catti.net.cn) |