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三、論據(jù)擴(kuò)展難
雅思大作文的考察形式是議論文，既是議論文，勢必設(shè)計(jì)一些話題。在近幾年的考試中，經(jīng)過朗閣海外考試研究中心的研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，雅思議論文最關(guān)注的是教育類的話題，此外科技類、媒體類、文化類、政府類、交通類等都有牽涉。但是，面對(duì)那么多的話題和題目，能夠做到在幾分鐘之內(nèi)就想出充足、合理、有說服力的理由是很困難的一個(gè)任務(wù)。況且有時(shí)考題所出的題目非常偏，考生根本無法想到任何相關(guān)的理由。所以，所謂的論據(jù)擴(kuò)展難，就是指考生在面對(duì)有些議論文的難題時(shí)，毫無頭緒，無法擴(kuò)展出論據(jù)。因?yàn)檠潘紝懽鞯目碱}有個(gè)特點(diǎn)是題目出的很細(xì)節(jié)，有些具體抽象的話題也涵蓋其中，所以沒有一定的積累的考生在面對(duì)這些問題的時(shí)候很難找到合理的理由來進(jìn)行支持，繼而使文章內(nèi)容淺顯沒達(dá)到要求而導(dǎo)致拿了低分。
下面列舉幾題來熟悉一下此類題目：
1. Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
2. In many countries the number of elderly people is increasing fast. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?
3. One long-distance flight consumes fuel which a car uses in several years’ time, but they cause the same amount of pollution. So some people think that we should discourage non-essential flights, such as tourist travel, rather than to limit the use of cars. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
上面三個(gè)題目難點(diǎn)在于如何擴(kuò)展文章。一般考生拿到此類題目都有些不知所措，不知如何擴(kuò)展正文的論據(jù)，覺得此類話題不熟悉，或者過于理論，沒有支持的理由。比如第一題，通過審題，是關(guān)于大學(xué)傳授知識(shí)和大學(xué)傳授找工作的技能的雙邊論證，很多考生認(rèn)為大學(xué)本來就是傳授知識(shí)的地方，要找到合理的論據(jù)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展非常困難。朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家認(rèn)為應(yīng)對(duì)此類題目，就是要以具體對(duì)付抽象和理論，考生可以列舉一些例子，如通過大學(xué)的知識(shí)傳授為將來的就業(yè)、生活的改變以及心理上的成熟等都起了重要的作用，而大學(xué)傳授技能也是由于就業(yè)的嚴(yán)峻形勢所迫。我們可以將提綱列舉如下：
It is believed that the basic mission of universities is to conduct research and provide education based on it.
First, a good command of basic knowledge lays a solid foundation for other courses.
Second, through basic and theoretical courses, students can learn to improve their self-study as well as problem-solving ability.
On the other hand, university education should also prepare students for their future employment.
As the employment competition is growing fierce, graduates have to learn skills to adjust themselves to the requirement.
Moreover, university provides the students with environment where they can deal with some problems that they will meet in their future career.
考生面對(duì)第二題的時(shí)候，同樣也有一個(gè)疑問，即人口老齡化對(duì)社會(huì)的積極影響。沒錯(cuò)，老年人數(shù)量急劇上升，對(duì)社會(huì)來說并沒有什么好處，所以這個(gè)擴(kuò)展非常困難。但如果我們能夠轉(zhuǎn)變一下思維，這個(gè)題目就不見得難了。朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家認(rèn)為，此題可先讓步寫到老年人對(duì)社會(huì)、家庭等所帶來的好處，如幫忙家務(wù)，社區(qū)志愿者等。然后提出雖然有這些好處，但隨著他們數(shù)量的急劇增加，必定會(huì)帶來很多問題，對(duì)社會(huì)家庭等，如成為政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，政府需撥更多的錢支持養(yǎng)老金，而對(duì)家庭也是負(fù)擔(dān)，小輩要花時(shí)間和精力還有金錢來全方位照顧老年人。
提綱如下：
Admittedly, older people often have time to offer for the benefit of family and community.
However, population ageing bring about serious economic and social problems for both family and government.
通過上面兩題的講解，第三題也可以舉一反三來進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。在平時(shí)上課講解時(shí)，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家建議各位培訓(xùn)師要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生brainstorming的能力以及段落擴(kuò)展的方法，通過一些固定的方面來培養(yǎng)考生擴(kuò)展論據(jù)的能力，特別是能通過一些具體的例子、數(shù)據(jù)、比較等論證方法，擴(kuò)展更加容易，效果也更有說服力。
這里，我們列舉了以上三個(gè)難點(diǎn)和10個(gè)題目，希望大家明確雅思議論文的確是有規(guī)律可循的，但是我們不能忽略一些特殊情況和難點(diǎn)的存在，希望以上所提出的對(duì)策能切實(shí)幫助到應(yīng)考的學(xué)生。
（來源：朗閣海外考試研究中心 / 杭州朗閣 高婷婷）
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