《2013年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 六、少數(shù)民族權(quán)利 | VI. Rights of Ethnic Minorities |
| 中國(guó)從憲法、法律和制度等多個(gè)層面確立了各民族一律平等、共同管理國(guó)家事務(wù)的原則，同時(shí)又尊重各民族的差異和特點(diǎn)，從各個(gè)方面保障少數(shù)民族在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、語言及風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰等方面的平等權(quán)利。2013年，中國(guó)少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)各項(xiàng)事業(yè)不斷取得新成績(jī)、新發(fā)展，各少數(shù)民族充分享有并有效行使各項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利。 | China has established the principle that all ethnic groups are equal and jointly participate in the management of state affairs on the constitutional, legal and systemic levels. The state respects the cultural differences and lifestyles of ethnic groups, and ensures the equal rights of ethnic minorities in politics, economy, culture, language and folk customs, religious belief and other aspects, with coordinated measures. In 2013 China's ethnic minorities and areas inhibited by ethnic minorities made new achievements and developments in various undertakings, and all ethnic minorities fully enjoyed and effectively exercised their basic rights. |
| 少數(shù)民族的政治權(quán)利得到充分保障。各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，享有廣泛的自治權(quán)利，包括立法權(quán)、對(duì)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律法規(guī)的變通執(zhí)行權(quán)、使用民族語言文字的權(quán)利、人事管理權(quán)、財(cái)政管理權(quán)和自主發(fā)展文化教育權(quán)等。民族區(qū)域自治的特色和優(yōu)勢(shì)在新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)表現(xiàn)尤為突出。新疆是以維吾爾族為主體的民族自治地方，是全國(guó)唯一的三級(jí)（區(qū)、州、縣）自治地方俱全的自治區(qū)。在維吾爾族以外的新疆其他少數(shù)民族聚居地區(qū)，有哈薩克、回、柯爾克孜、蒙古等4個(gè)民族的5個(gè)自治州，以及哈薩克、回、蒙古、塔吉克、錫伯等5個(gè)民族的6個(gè)自治縣，還有42個(gè)民族鄉(xiāng)。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)各級(jí)自治機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)本地實(shí)際制定并實(shí)施自治法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和具有法律效力的決議，依法保障民族自治地方的自治權(quán)利。 | The political rights of ethnic minorities are fully guaranteed. Areas inhibited by ethnic minorities in compact communities exercising regional ethnic autonomy enjoy autonomous rights in a wide range of areas, including legislative power, flexibility in the execution of relevant state laws and regulations, the right to use their own spoken and written languages, personnel management power, financial management power, and the right of independently developing their special culture and education. The advantages of regional ethnic autonomy are best exemplified in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang is an ethnic autonomous area mainly inhibited by the Uygur people. It is China's only autonomous region with all three administrative levels of autonomous areas (region, prefecture and county). In other parts of Xinjiang inhabited by ethnic minorities, except the Uygur, in compact communities, there are five autonomous prefectures where the Kazak, Hui, Kirgiz and Mongolian people are concentrated; six autonomous counties where the Kazak, Hui, Mongolian, Tajik and Xibe people live; and 42 townships where various ethnic minorities live. Autonomous organs at all levels in Xinjiang formulate and implement autonomous regulations, local rules and regulations, and legally binding decisions in light of their actual conditions, ensuring the autonomous rights of ethnic autonomous areas. |
| 全國(guó)55個(gè)少數(shù)民族都有本民族的全國(guó)人大代表和全國(guó)政協(xié)委員。155個(gè)民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)中，均有實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)（旗長(zhǎng)），均由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任。西藏自治區(qū)歷屆人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)主任和人民政府主席均由藏族公民擔(dān)任。藏族和其他少數(shù)民族的人大代表始終在全區(qū)各級(jí)人大代表中占有絕對(duì)多數(shù)。在西藏，經(jīng)過直接和間接選舉產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)任34,244名四級(jí)人大代表中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族代表31,901名，占93%以上。在全區(qū)干部隊(duì)伍中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族占82.05%，其中縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族占80.06%。 | All China's 55 ethnic minority groups elect deputies to the NPC and members to the National Committee of the CPPCC. The chairpersons or vice chairpersons of the standing committees of the people's congresses of all 155 areas where regional ethnic autonomy is exercised, as well as the heads of government of autonomous regions, prefectures, counties or banners are citizens of the ethnic group or groups exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. In the Tibet Autonomous Region the chairpersons of past standing committees of the people's congress and the heads of the people's government have all been Tibetans. Tibetan deputies and deputies from other minority groups to the NPC have always constituted the absolute majority among deputies of the region at all levels. In Tibet, of the 34,244 directly and indirectly elected deputies to the NPC at all four levels, 31,901 persons, or 93 percent, are from the Tibetan or other minority communities. Also, 82.05 percent of the total number of the Tibet Autonomous Region's officials are Tibetan or from other minority groups, and 80.06 percent of the total number of leading officials of counties and townships are Tibetan or from other minority groups. |
| 少數(shù)民族經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)權(quán)利得到充分保障。國(guó)家對(duì)少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展投入力度繼續(xù)加大，少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展取得顯著成效。2013年，在均衡性轉(zhuǎn)移支付向民族地區(qū)傾斜的基礎(chǔ)上，中央財(cái)政安排民族地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付464億元，比2012年增長(zhǎng)10.5%。國(guó)家對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆五個(gè)自治區(qū)和貴州、云南、青海三個(gè)少數(shù)民族人口較多省份的扶貧投入大幅提高，中央財(cái)政扶貧資金投入166.05億元，占全國(guó)總投入的43.76%，資金總量比2012年增加了16.8%。2013年，國(guó)家深入貫徹落實(shí)“十二五”扶持人口較少民族發(fā)展、興邊富民行動(dòng)和少數(shù)民族事業(yè)三個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃，繼續(xù)加大對(duì)少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)的專項(xiàng)扶持力度，安排扶持人口較少民族發(fā)展專項(xiàng)資金14.5億元、興邊富民行動(dòng)專項(xiàng)資金27.9億元、少數(shù)民族特色村寨保護(hù)專項(xiàng)資金4億元，分別比2012年增長(zhǎng)13.1%、50%和53.8%。2013年，西藏自治區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）達(dá)807.67億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)12.5%；農(nóng)牧民人均純收入達(dá)到6,578元，比上年增長(zhǎng)15%，連續(xù)11年保持兩位數(shù)以上的增長(zhǎng)；城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入達(dá)20,023元，比上年增長(zhǎng)11.1%。2013年，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）8,510億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)11.1%；人均地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值37,847元，增長(zhǎng)9.7%。2013年，新疆農(nóng)村居民人均純收入7,296元，比上年增長(zhǎng)14.1%；城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入19,874元，比上年增長(zhǎng)10.9%。城鎮(zhèn)人均家庭總收入22,388元，比上年增長(zhǎng)10.9%，比1978年增長(zhǎng)69.5倍。2013年，西藏農(nóng)牧民人均居住面積為30.51平方米，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積為42.81平方米，各項(xiàng)民生事業(yè)顯著改善。特別是，連續(xù)8年累計(jì)投資273.57億元的農(nóng)牧民安居工程全面完成，全區(qū)46.03萬戶、230萬農(nóng)牧民住上了安全適用的房屋，農(nóng)牧民生產(chǎn)生活條件得到歷史性改善。水、電、路、訊、氣、廣播電視、郵政等農(nóng)村綜合配套設(shè)施建設(shè)加快推進(jìn)，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通郵率、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)通公路率和行政村通公路率分別達(dá)到94.6%、99.7%和97.4%。墨脫公路全線通車，結(jié)束了全國(guó)最后一個(gè)縣不通公路的歷史。川藏聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程開工建設(shè)。青藏鐵路客運(yùn)量219.9萬人次、貨運(yùn)量405.2萬噸，航空旅客運(yùn)輸273萬人次。 | The socioeconomic rights of ethnic minorities are fully protected. The state continues to increase funds in promoting socioeconomic development in areas inhibited by ethnic minorities, and significant achievements have been made in this regard. In 2013, with more transfer payments diverted to ethnic minority areas, the central government arranged 46.4 billion yuan of transfer payments to ethnic minority areas, up by 10.5 percent as compared with 2012. The state increased poverty-reduction funding by a large margin for the Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang autonomous regions, and Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces, which have large numbers of ethnic minority inhabitants. The central government appropriated 16.605 billion yuan as poverty-reduction fund, or 43.76 percent of the total volume from all sources, growing by 16.8 percent compared to 2012. In 2013 the state took concrete measures to implement three special programs, as stated in the Twelfth Five-year Plan, namely, supporting the development of minority groups with small populations, vitalizing border areas and bring prosperity to their residents, and developing special undertakings for ethnic minorities. The state continued to increase support to ethnic minorities and areas inhabited by minorities, providing 1.45 billion yuan as specialized funds for the development of minority groups with small populations, 2.79 billion yuan as specialized funds for vitalizing border areas and bringing prosperity to their residents, and 400 million yuan as specialized funds for protecting ethnic minority villages with cultural significance. These funds increased by 13.1 percent, 50 percent and 53.8 percent, respectively, as compared to 2012. In 2013 the GDP of the Tibet Autonomous Region reached 80.767 billion yuan, growing by 12.5 percent over the previous year; the per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 6,578 yuan, increasing by 15 percent over the previous year and well into the 11th year of double-digit growth; and the per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 20,023 yuan, up by 11.1 percent compared with 2012. In 2013 the GDP of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was 851 billion yuan, growing by 11.1 percent compared to the previous year; and the per capita GDP was 37,847 yuan, an increase of 9.7 percent. In 2013 the per capita net income of rural residents in Xinjiang reached 7,296 yuan, growing by 14.1 percent over the previous year; and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 19,874 yuan, increasing by 10.9 percent over the previous year. The per capita total income of urban households was 22,388 yuan, up by 10.9 percent compared to the previous year and was 69.5 times more than that of 1978. In 2013 the per capita living space of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen and urban residents was 30.51 sq m and 42.81 sq m, respectively, and significant progress was made in various undertakings for improving the local people' s lives. The housing project for farmers and herdsmen, in particular, was completed after eight years of incremental investment that totaled 27.357 billion yuan. The region's 2.3 million farmers and herdsmen of 460,300 households moved into solid and convenient houses, and a historic improvement was made in the working and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen. More progress was made in the building of supporting facilities in rural areas, including water, power, road, communications, gas, radio and television, and postal services. A total of 94.6 percent and 99.7 percent of Tibet's townships and towns respectively now have access to postal services and the road network, respectively, and 97.4 percent of incorporated villages have access to road transportation. The Motuo Highway opened to traffic in 2013, connecting China's last isolated county to the national road network. Construction of the Sichuan-Tibet highway network project began. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway transported a total of 2.199 million passengers and 4.052 million tons of cargo, and civil aircraft carried 2.73 million passengers. |
| 少數(shù)民族文化和民族地區(qū)文化繁榮發(fā)展。截至2013年，全國(guó)建立民族文字圖書出版社32家，民族語言文字類音像電子出版單位13家，編輯出版民族文字期刊222種、民族文字報(bào)紙99種、民族文字圖書9,429種。民族自治地方有廣播電臺(tái)73座，節(jié)目441套，民族語言節(jié)目100個(gè)；電視臺(tái)90座，節(jié)目489套，民族語言節(jié)目100個(gè)；各類文化機(jī)構(gòu)50,834個(gè)，其中圖書館653個(gè)，文化館784個(gè)，文化站8,153個(gè)，博物館385個(gè)。少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)文化得到保護(hù)。國(guó)家設(shè)立貴州省黔東南民族文化生態(tài)保護(hù)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)，有效推進(jìn)民族地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的整體性保護(hù)。繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)對(duì)少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥的保護(hù)和發(fā)展。支持民族醫(yī)藥老專家建立傳承工作室，扶持建立藏、蒙、壯、回4個(gè)民族醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)流派傳承工作室。實(shí)施民族醫(yī)藥文獻(xiàn)整理和適宜技術(shù)篩選推廣項(xiàng)目，涵蓋11個(gè)省區(qū)，涉及29個(gè)民族，并完成了150部重要民族醫(yī)藥文獻(xiàn)的整理工作，篩選了140項(xiàng)民族醫(yī)藥特色診療技術(shù)。截至2013年，全國(guó)民族醫(yī)院達(dá)到199所。 | Ethnic minority cultures and cultural undertakings in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities prospered. By 2013 China had 32 publishing houses that publish books in the languages of ethnic minorities, and 13 electronic publishers produce audio-visual products in languages of ethnic minorities. In 2013 222 titles of periodicals, 99 types of newspapers and 9,429 book titles were published in languages of ethnic minorities. In 2013 a total of 73 radio stations in ethnic autonomous areas ran 441 programs, including 100 programs broadcast in ethnic languages; and 90 television stations ran 489 programs, including 100 programs broadcast in ethnic languages. There were also 50,834 cultural institutions of various types, including 653 libraries, 784 cultural centers, 8,153 cultural stations and 385 museums. The traditional cultures of minority groups are protected. The state established an experimental area for the protection of the culture and ecology of ethnic minorities living in southeastern Guizhou Province, effectively promoting the overall conservation of the intangible cultural heritage in ethnic minority areas. The state continues to strengthen the protection and development of traditional medicine of ethnic minorities. The state supports experienced elderly experts of ethnic medicine to set up offices to pass on their medical inheritance, and supports the establishment of inheritance offices for different schools of Tibetan, Mongolian, Zhuang and Hui medicines. A program for the categorization of ethnic medicine literature and the selection and promotion of medical techniques has been initiated, covering 29 ethnic groups in 11 provinces and autonomous regions. A total of 150 titles of important ethnic medicine literature has been sorted out and categorized, and 140 medical treatment techniques have been selected for promotion. By 2013 there were 199 hospitals nationwide that specialize in ethnic medicine. |
| 新疆各少數(shù)民族享有宗教信仰自由的權(quán)利，民族風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣受到充分尊重。根據(jù)憲法和民族區(qū)域自治法，新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)制定了《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)宗教事務(wù)管理?xiàng)l例》和《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所管理暫行規(guī)則》、《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)宗教職業(yè)人員管理暫行規(guī)定》、《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)宗教活動(dòng)管理暫行規(guī)定》等政府規(guī)章，保護(hù)正常的宗教活動(dòng)，維護(hù)宗教團(tuán)體和信教公民的合法權(quán)益。新疆少數(shù)民族信眾有權(quán)在宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所內(nèi)以及自己家里依法舉行各種正常的宗教活動(dòng)，不受任何干涉。新疆現(xiàn)有10個(gè)少數(shù)民族普遍信仰伊斯蘭教，人口1,370多萬人，有伊斯蘭教清真寺約2.4萬座，教職人員2.9萬多人。此外，新疆還有佛教信眾12萬人，場(chǎng)所53個(gè)，教職人員326人；基督教信眾近6萬人，教職人員374人；天主教信眾約6,000人，場(chǎng)所20個(gè)，教職人員25人；東正教信眾約1,000人，場(chǎng)所3個(gè)，教職人員2人；道教信眾300多人，場(chǎng)所1個(gè)。新疆已出版發(fā)行了維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、柯爾克孜等文字的《古蘭經(jīng)》、《布哈里圣訓(xùn)實(shí)錄精華》、《古蘭經(jīng)》注釋、《臥爾茲選編》等宗教經(jīng)典、宗教書籍。國(guó)家和自治區(qū)各級(jí)政府還制定一系列政策、法規(guī)，尊重和照顧少數(shù)民族飲食、衣飾、年節(jié)、婚姻、喪葬等方面的習(xí)俗。自治區(qū)政府每年對(duì)少數(shù)民族生活必需的肉食和副食品的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)作出專項(xiàng)安排，保證各民族特需食品的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)，并對(duì)10個(gè)普遍信仰伊斯蘭教的民族予以特別照顧。在新疆，每年的肉孜節(jié)和古爾邦節(jié)，信仰伊斯蘭教的各族人民都可以享受節(jié)日假期。 | People of ethnic minority groups in Xinjiang enjoy freedom of religious belief, and their customs and social mores are fully respected. In accordance with the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region promulgated the Regulations on the Administration of Religious Affairs of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Interim Regulations on the Administration of Venues for Religious Activities of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Interim Regulations on the Administration of Religious Staff of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Interim Regulations on the Administration of Religious Activities of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and other government regulations, in an effort to protect normal religious activities and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of religious groups and religious believers. The religious believers from ethnic minority groups in Xinjiang are entitled to conducting normal religious activities according to law in venues for such activities and in their homes, rights with which no one may interfere. Currently there are ten minority groups in Xinjiang that mostly believe in Islam, with a total population of around 13.7 million. There are 24,000 mosques with 290,000 staff members. In Xinjiang there are also 120,000 Buddhist believers, with 53 venues for activities and 326 staff members; about 60,000 Protestant followers and 374 clergymen; 6,000 Catholic followers, with 20 venues for activities and 25 priests; 1,000 Orthodox believers with three venues and two priests; and 300 Daoist believers with one venue for activities. Xinjiang has published and distributed the Koran, Sahih al-Bukhari, Tafsir al-Mizan, Selected Texts of Expostulation (a1-Wa 'z) and other religious classics and books in the Uygur, standard Chinese, Kazak and Kirgiz languages. The central government and governments at all levels of Xinjiang have developed a series of policies and regulations to ensure that the customs of ethnic minorities in food and drinks, clothing, festivals, marriages and funerals are respected and given consideration. Each year governments at all levels in Xinjiang make special arrangements for the production and supply of meat, non-staple food and other necessities for the daily life of ethnic minorities ensuring the production and supply of special foods for these ethnic minorities, and lends special consideration to the ten groups dominated by Islamic believers. In Xinjiang, Moslems of all ethnic groups enjoy days off on the occasions of Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. |
| 西藏文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護(hù)，宗教和傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣得到尊重。西藏現(xiàn)有各類文物點(diǎn)4,277處，布達(dá)拉宮、羅布林卡、大昭寺被列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄，拉薩、日喀則、江孜被列為國(guó)家級(jí)歷史文化名城，西藏博物館被列為國(guó)家一級(jí)博物館。西藏現(xiàn)有國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄76個(gè)，自治區(qū)級(jí)323項(xiàng)，市級(jí)76項(xiàng)，縣級(jí)814項(xiàng)。國(guó)家級(jí)非遺代表性傳承人68名，自治區(qū)級(jí)227名，民間藏戲隊(duì)117支。其中，格薩爾、藏戲于2009年入選《人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄》。國(guó)家積極保護(hù)和發(fā)展藏民族醫(yī)藥，西藏現(xiàn)有藏醫(yī)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)19所，在50多所縣醫(yī)院設(shè)有藏醫(yī)科，藏醫(yī)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本覆蓋全區(qū)。國(guó)家尊重和保障西藏各族人民按照自己的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣生活和進(jìn)行社會(huì)活動(dòng)的權(quán)利，尊重和保障他們按照自己的意愿進(jìn)行正常的宗教信奉、祭祀活動(dòng)以及參加重大的宗教和民間節(jié)日活動(dòng)的自由。西藏現(xiàn)有各類宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所1,787座，住寺僧尼4.6萬余人，活佛358名。寺廟學(xué)經(jīng)、辯經(jīng)、晉升學(xué)位、受戒、灌頂、修行等傳統(tǒng)宗教活動(dòng)正常進(jìn)行，每逢重大宗教節(jié)日都循例舉行各種活動(dòng)。活佛轉(zhuǎn)世作為藏傳佛教特有的傳承方式得到國(guó)家的尊重。民主改革以來，已有60余名新轉(zhuǎn)世活佛按照歷史定制與宗教儀軌得到批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)定。信教群眾家中普遍設(shè)有經(jīng)堂或佛龕，轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)、朝佛、請(qǐng)寺廟僧尼做法事等宗教活動(dòng)正常進(jìn)行。西藏自治區(qū)及其7個(gè)地市均設(shè)有佛教協(xié)會(huì)，中國(guó)佛教協(xié)會(huì)西藏分會(huì)辦有佛學(xué)院、印經(jīng)院和藏文會(huì)刊《西藏佛教》。寺院的壁畫、雕刻、塑像、唐卡、經(jīng)卷、法器、佛龕等宗教文化載體，得到保護(hù)和修繕。大量宗教文獻(xiàn)典籍得到搶救、整理、出版。各寺廟的傳統(tǒng)印經(jīng)院得到繼承和發(fā)展，現(xiàn)有木如寺印經(jīng)院、布達(dá)拉宮印經(jīng)院等大型傳統(tǒng)印經(jīng)院近60家，年印經(jīng)卷6.3萬種，民間經(jīng)書銷售攤點(diǎn)20家。 | The cultural legacies of Tibet are effectively protected, and the local religion and traditional customs and social mores are respected. Currently Tibet has 4,277 sites of cultural relics. The Potala Palace, Norbulingka Summer Palace and Jokhang Temple have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List; Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyantse have been entered on the national list of historical and cultural cities; and the Tibet Museum is a first-rank national museum. Seventy-six items on China's national intangible cultural heritage list are located in Tibet, 323 at the autonomous regional level, 76 at the city level and 814 at the county level. There are 68 recognized successors to their own intangible heritages in Tibet at the national level and 227 at the autonomous regional level, and 117 Tibetan Opera troupes. The epic Gesar and Tibetan Opera were included on the list of Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2009. The state actively protects and develops Tibetan medicine. Currently Tibet has 19 medical institutions that specialize in traditional Tibetan medicine, more than 50 county-level hospitals have a Tibetan medicine department, and the service network of Tibetan medicine has basically covered the whole region. The state respects the customs and social mores of the Tibetan people, and ensures that the ethnic communities of Tibet lead their lives in accordance with their traditional customs and engage in social activities in ways they prefer. The state respects the freedom of religious belief of all the people in Tibet, and ensures that they can practice their religions, conduct ceremonial activities, participate in major religious and folk festivals and engage in other normal activities of their own free will. Currently there are 1,787 venues for religious activities of various types in Tibet, with 46,000 resident monks and nuns, and 358 living Buddhas. Traditional religious activities, such as scripture study and debate, rank promotion, initiation, abhiseca (empowerment) and training, are conducted in an orderly manner, and traditional activities are held at major religious festivals. The living Buddha reincarnation system is a unique practice for the continuation of the living Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism, which is respected by the state. Since the Democratic Reform in Tibet in 1959, over 60 reincarnated living Buddhas have been certified and recognized by the state in accordance with historical conventions and following religious rituals. Many religious believers have sutra halls or small shrines set up in their homes, and they have the liberty to engage in religious activities such as turning prayer wheels, going on pilgrimages, and having monks and nuns perform religious rites. The Tibet Autonomous Region and all of its seven prefectures and cities have Buddhist associations, and the Tibet branch of the China Buddhist Association has a Buddhist academy and a sutra printing house, and publishes Tibetan Buddhism, a journal in the Tibetan language. Religious cultural items, such as murals, sculptures, statues, Thangka paintings, scriptures, ritual items and shrines in Buddhist temples, are protected and renovated when this is needed. Large quantities of religious literature and classics are rescued, sorted out and published. The traditional sutra printing houses of different temples are maintained and developed. Currently there are 60 major sutra printing houses, such as the ones at Muru Nyingba Monastery and the Potala Palace. They print a total of 63,000 titles of scriptures annually, and there are 20 private bookstalls selling scriptures in Tibet. |
| 少數(shù)民族享有使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的權(quán)利。國(guó)家切實(shí)保障少數(shù)民族語言文字在行政司法、新聞出版、廣播影視、文化教育等各領(lǐng)域的合法使用，在普通高等學(xué)校招生入學(xué)考試中可以使用少數(shù)民族語言文字答卷。中央人民廣播電臺(tái)和地方廣播電臺(tái)每天用21種少數(shù)民族語言進(jìn)行播音,邊境地區(qū)民族語廣播電視的覆蓋率進(jìn)一步提高。國(guó)家在民族地區(qū)推行雙語教學(xué)。截至2013年，全國(guó)共有1萬多所學(xué)校使用21個(gè)民族的29種文字開展雙語教學(xué)。全國(guó)現(xiàn)有民族高等院校15所，在校生約24萬人。繼續(xù)在高校招生中對(duì)民族地區(qū)給予傾斜，堅(jiān)持對(duì)少數(shù)民族學(xué)生在高考時(shí)適當(dāng)降分或加分和同等條件優(yōu)先錄取的原則，并對(duì)人口較少民族的考生給予一定的特殊照顧。 | Ethnic minorities have the right to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. The state takes concrete measures to ensure the legitimate use of ethnic languages in the administrative and judicial sectors, news and publication, radio, film and television, culture and education, and other areas. Ethnic minority students can use their own languages in the college entrance examination. China National Radio and local radio stations broadcast in 21 ethnic languages on a daily basis, and the coverage of radio and television broadcasts in ethnic languages in border areas has further increased. The state promotes bilingual teaching in ethnic areas. By 2013 bilingual teaching was done in the classroom in more than 10,000 schools around the country, and 29 languages of 21 ethnic minority groups were used together with standard Chinese-Putonghua. China has 15 institutions of higher learning for ethnic minority students, with approximately 240,000 students on campus. The state continues the preferential policy toward ethnic minority students in college admissions by lowering the admission scores for or granting extra scores to them, and by granting priority admissions to these students when they are competing with Han students under the same conditions. Special consideration is also given to students from ethnic minority groups with small populations. |
| 藏語文學(xué)習(xí)使用受到法律保護(hù)。西藏自治區(qū)各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)通過的決議、法規(guī)，各級(jí)人民政府及所屬部門發(fā)布的正式文件和公告都使用藏、漢兩種文字。在司法訴訟程序中，對(duì)藏族訴訟參與人都使用藏語文審理案件，法律文書也使用藏文。各單位的公章、證件、表格、信封、信箋、稿紙、標(biāo)識(shí)以及機(jī)關(guān)、廠礦、學(xué)校、車站、機(jī)場(chǎng)、商店、賓館、餐館、劇場(chǎng)、旅游景點(diǎn)、體育場(chǎng)館、圖書館等的標(biāo)牌和街道、交通路標(biāo)等，均使用藏、漢兩種文字。西藏共有14種藏文雜志、10種藏文報(bào)紙。西藏人民廣播電臺(tái)開辦有42個(gè)藏語(包括康巴語)節(jié)目、欄目，藏語新聞綜合頻率每天播音達(dá)21小時(shí)，康巴語廣播頻率每天播音18小時(shí)，西藏電視臺(tái)藏語衛(wèi)視24小時(shí)播出節(jié)目。2013年，西藏自治區(qū)出版藏文書籍780種，印數(shù)達(dá)431萬冊(cè)。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和手機(jī)等藏語文平臺(tái)，瀏覽閱讀、收聽、收看國(guó)內(nèi)外新聞和各類資訊，成為眾多藏語文用戶日常生活的一部分。 | The learning and use of the Tibetan language is protected by law. Both the Tibetan language and standard Chinese are used in the decisions and regulations passed at the people's congresses at all levels in the Tibet Autonomous Region, as well as in the official documents and public notices issued by people's governments at all levels and their subordinate departments. In judicial litigation the Tibetan language is used during trials when there are Tibetan parties involved, and the legal instruments are written in Tibetan in such cases. Both Tibetan and standard Chinese appear in the official seals, credentials, forms, envelopes, letter paper, writing paper, insignias of different entities, and are used in the signs and plaques of government organs, factories and mines, schools, train stations, airports, stores, hotels, restaurants, theaters, tourism spots, stadiums and libraries, and on street nameplates and road signs. Tibet has 14 journals and ten newspapers published in the Tibetan language. The Tibet People's Radio Station runs 42 programs broadcast in Tibetan (including the Kangba dialect), broadcasting 21 hours of news programs in the Tibetan language and 18 hours of radio programs in the Kangba dialect on a daily basis. The Tibet Television Station Satellite Television broadcasts around the clock in Tibetan. In 2013 the Tibet Autonomous Region published 780 titles of books written in Tibetan, printing a total of 4.31 million copies. For many Tibetan-language users, reading, listening to and watching domestic and international news and getting other information through the Internet, mobile phones and other platforms compatible to the Tibetan language have become part of their daily life. |
| 新疆有13個(gè)世居民族，共使用10種語言和文字。自治區(qū)及各自治州、自治縣機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行公務(wù)時(shí)，同時(shí)使用自治民族和漢語兩種語言文字。新聞、出版、廣播、電影、電視等都廣泛使用少數(shù)民族語言文字?！缎陆?qǐng)?bào)》用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古四種文字發(fā)行。新疆電視臺(tái)用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古四種語言播放節(jié)目。新疆人民出版社用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古、柯爾克孜、錫伯六種文字出版各類圖書。新疆各出版社出版的圖書與音像制品中使用少數(shù)民族語文的占到70%以上。2013年譯制少數(shù)民族語故事片100部，譯制影視劇5,975集，拍攝少數(shù)民族題材影視劇4部。 | In Xinjiang, there are 13 ethnic groups who have lived there for generations, and they use ten different spoken and written languages. During the performance of official business, organs of the autonomous region and the autonomous prefectures and counties use both standard Chinese and the local ethnic languages. The languages of the ethnic minorities are also widely used in the press, publication, radio, film and television. The Xinjiang Daily is published in the Uygur, standard Chinese, Kazak and Mongolian languages; the Xinjiang Television Station broadcasts in the Uygur, standard Chinese, Kazak and Mongolian languages; and the Xinjiang People's Publishing House publishes in the Uygur, standard Chinese, Kazak, Mongolian, Kirgiz and Xibe languages. More than 70 percent of the books and audio-visual products published by publishing houses in Xinjiang are in local ethnic languages. In 2013 subtitles in ethnic languages were added to 100 films and 5,975 episodes of TV series, and four TV dramas were made with ethnic minority themes. |
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