《2012年中國人權事業(yè)的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012

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二、政治建設中的人權保障	II. Protection of Human Rights in Political Construction
中國特色社會主義政治發(fā)展道路，是公民權利和政治權利在中國得到實現的根本保障。近年來，中國堅持積極穩(wěn)妥推進政治體制改革，擴大社會主義民主，加快建設社會主義法治國家，發(fā)展社會主義政治文明。中國努力健全民主制度，豐富民主形式，擴大公民有序政治參與，保證公民依法行使民主權利。不斷深化行政體制改革，推進司法體制和工作機制改革，保障人民依法享有廣泛權利和自由。	The socialist road of political development with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental guarantee for the realization of civil rights and political rights in China. In recent years, China has actively yet prudently pressed ahead with political restructuring, expanded socialist democracy, accelerated the building of a socialist country under the rule of law, and developed socialist political civilization. China endeavors to improve the system of democracy, diversify the forms of democracy, expand citizens' orderly participation in political affairs, and ensure that citizens exercise their democratic rights as prescribed by the law. China continues to deepen the reform of the administrative system, push forward the reform of the judicial system and work mechanisms, and ensure that people enjoy a wide range of rights and freedoms in accordance with the law.
保障各項人權的法律制度不斷完善。建立中國特色社會主義法律體系，依法保障人權，是中國人權事業(yè)發(fā)展的重要基礎。經過多年不懈努力，到2010年底，一個立足中國國情和實際、適應改革開放和社會主義現代化建設需要、集中體現中國共產黨和中國人民意志，以憲法為統(tǒng)帥，以憲法相關法、民法商法、行政法、經濟法、社會法、刑法、訴訟與非訴訟程序法等多個法律部門的法律為主干，包括行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)等多個層次的法律法規(guī)構成的中國特色社會主義法律體系已經形成。截至2012年底，中國已制定現行憲法和有效法律243部、行政法規(guī)721部、地方性法規(guī)9200部，涵蓋社會關系各個方面的法律部門已經齊全，各個法律部門中基本的、主要的法律已經制定，相應的行政法規(guī)和地方性法規(guī)比較完備，法律體系內部總體做到科學和諧統(tǒng)一。中國特色社會主義法律體系的形成，是中國人權事業(yè)發(fā)展的一個重要標志，實現了中國人權保障的法制化。近年來，國家十分注重從保障人權的要求出發(fā)修改有關法律法規(guī)。2012年新修改的刑事訴訟法寫入“尊重和保障人權”內容，并在證據制度、辯護制度、強制措施、偵查措施、審查起訴、審判程序、執(zhí)行程序的修改完善和增加規(guī)定特別程序中，貫徹了尊重和保障人權的精神。這是中國人權事業(yè)的重大進步，對于懲罰犯罪，保護人民，保障公民的訴訟權利和其他合法權利，具有重大意義。2012年修改的民事訴訟法，進一步保障了當事人的訴訟權利，完善了起訴和受理程序、開庭前準備程序、簡易程序、審判監(jiān)督程序和執(zhí)行程序，完善了保全制度、證據制度和裁判文書公開制度，增加了公益訴訟制度、對案外被侵害人的救濟程序。	China continues to improve its legal system that protects human rights. Establishing a socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics and protecting human rights in accordance with the law are the important foundation for China's human rights development. Thanks to unremitting efforts over the years, by the end of 2010 a multi-level socialist legal system with specific Chinese characteristics had been established. This system is based on the realities of China, adapts to the needs of reform and opening up and the socialist modernization drive, epitomizes the will of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people, centers around the Constitution, takes as its mainstay the Constitution-related laws, civil and commercial laws, administrative laws, economic laws, social laws, criminal laws, and litigation and non-litigation procedural laws of different categories, and comprises administrative and local regulations. By the end of 2012 China had enacted 243 active laws, including the current Constitution, 721 administrative regulations and 9,200 local regulations, which are complete in range and cover all relations in the society. Basic and major laws of each category have been formulated and supported with corresponding administrative regulations and local regulations, forming a legal system that is internally scientific, well-coordinated and unified. The formation of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics is an important milestone in the development of China's human rights cause, and it ensures that the country's human rights protection is done within the framework of the law. In recent years, the state has paid great attention to proceeding from the requirement of protecting human rights to amend relevant laws and regulations. In 2012 "respecting and protecting human rights" was added to the newly amended Criminal Procedure Law and attention was paid to see it that the spirit of this clause was implemented in amendments and revisions made in the clauses regarding evidence, defense, compulsory and investigatory measures, review and prosecution, trial and execution, as well as newly added stipulations. This is a major progress in China's human rights cause, and of great significance in punishing crimes, protecting the people and safeguarding the citizens' litigation and other lawful rights. The 2012 amended Civil Procedure Law offers further protection to the litigation rights of parties to a lawsuit, and improves such procedures as prosecution and handling, preparation for trial, summary, trial supervision, execution of sentence, preservation, evidence and open documents of judgment. It also adds the system of public interest litigation and the remedial procedure for the infringed parties indirectly related to a current case.
中國人民通過各級人民代表大會有效行使國家權力。人民代表大會制度是中國的根本政治制度。中國人民通過全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會，參與國家管理，行使國家權力。人民代表大會行使立法、監(jiān)督、決定、任免等職權。2010年以來，全國人大及其常委會制定和修改了45部法律，包括刑法、刑事訴訟法、全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會選舉法、全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會代表法、國家賠償法、村民委員會組織法、行政強制法等法律，進一步完善了保障各項人權的法律制度。2010年３月，全國人大通過了修改全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會選舉法的決定，規(guī)定城鄉(xiāng)按照相同人口比例選舉人大代表，人大代表具有更廣泛的代表性，進一步完善了選舉制度，更好地體現了人人平等、地區(qū)平等和民族平等。中國立法機關通過公布法律草案、聽證會、論證會、座談會等多種形式，保證公眾廣泛參與立法。2011年修改個人所得稅法，向社會公布征求意見后，一個多月共收到意見23萬多條。在通過網絡發(fā)表意見的公眾中，83%的人希望在原方案基礎上適當上調工薪所得減除費用標準。全國人大常委會對草案作了修改，將工薪所得減除費用標準由每月2000元提高至3500元。2010年以來，全國人大及其常委會依法加大監(jiān)督力度，監(jiān)督工作的針對性和實效性切實增強。2010年以來，全國人大常委會共開展了13次執(zhí)法檢查，安排聽取和審議了國務院和最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院的31個專項工作報告，開展了9次專題詢問。	The Chinese people effectively exercise the state power through people's congresses at all levels. The system of people's congress is a fundamental political system of China. It is via the National People's Congress (NPC) and local people's congresses at different levels that the Chinese people are involved in managing state affairs and exercising the state power. The people's congresses exercise such functions and powers as legislation, supervision, decision-making, appointment and removal. Since 2010 the NPC and its Standing Committee have enacted and amended 45 laws, including the Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Electoral Law of the People's Republic of China on the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses, Law of the People's Republic of China on Deputies to the National People's Congress and Deputies to Local People's Congresses, State Compensation Law, Organic Law of the Villagers' Committees, and Administrative Compulsion Law, further improving the country's legal system for protecting human rights. In March 2010 the NPC approved the decision to amend the Electoral Law of the People's Republic of China on the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses, stipulating that the same percentage of deputies be elected in both urban and rural areas to the people's congresses to ensure that they are as widely representative as possible. This measure has further improved the electoral system, making it give better expression to equality among the people, between regions and among ethnic groups. China's legislature ensures the public's wide participation in legislation through multiple forms, such as releasing the draft of a law and holding hearings, demonstration meetings and symposiums. In 2011 when the Law of Personal Income Tax was being amended, China's legislature made the draft amendment to the public and sought the people's opinions. In just a little more than a month, a total of 230,000 opinions were collected. Of the people who expressed their opinions via the Internet, 83 percent said that they hoped to see the tax exemption threshold further raised appropriately on the basis of the initial plan. The NPC Standing Committee revised the draft by increasing the monthly tax exemption threshold from 2,000 yuan to 3,500 yuan. Since 2010 the NPC and its Standing Committee have intensified their supervisory efforts and enhanced the pertinency and effectiveness of such supervision. Since 2010 the NPC Standing Committee has launched 13 rounds of supervision over law enforcement, and reviewed 31 work reports on special topics from the State Council, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and made nine inquiries over specific topics.
協(xié)商民主使公民享有管理國家事務更充分的權利。社會主義協(xié)商民主是中國人民民主的重要形式。近年來，中國不斷完善協(xié)商民主制度和工作機制，推進協(xié)商民主廣泛、多層、制度化發(fā)展。中國共產黨和中國政府通過各種渠道就經濟社會發(fā)展重大問題和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題廣泛協(xié)商，廣集民智。堅持和完善中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，充分發(fā)揮人民政協(xié)作為協(xié)商民主重要渠道作用。把政治協(xié)商納入決策程序，堅持協(xié)商于決策之前和決策之中。2008年至2012年，中國人民政治協(xié)商會議第十一屆全國委員會共開展各類協(xié)商活動420多場次。2010年以來，全國政協(xié)共收到提案16743件，其中各民主黨派中央、全國工商聯(lián)提案882件，召開6次專題議政性常委會和專題協(xié)商會，進行296次調研視察活動。加強同民主黨派的政治協(xié)商。中共中央在作出重大決策前，一般都邀請民主黨派主要領導人和無黨派代表人士召開民主協(xié)商會、小范圍談心會、座談會等，通報情況，聽取意見，共商國是。全國政協(xié)緊緊圍繞人民群眾最關心、最直接、最現實的利益問題開展調查研究，提出的維護農民工、農村留守人員、殘疾人、國企改制職工合法權益等建議，促進了民生改善。開展對武陵山區(qū)等集中連片特困地區(qū)扶貧攻堅跟蹤調研，提出加大這些地區(qū)農村基礎設施投入，建立與完善資金投入機制、生態(tài)補償機制、區(qū)域合作機制等建議，受到中共中央高度重視和采納，對《武陵山片區(qū)區(qū)域發(fā)展與扶貧攻堅規(guī)劃》的制定和出臺發(fā)揮了重要作用。	Consultative democracy enables citizens to have more extensive rights in the management of state affairs. Socialist consultative democracy is an important form of democracy for the Chinese people. In recent years, China has continued to improve the consultative democracy and its work mechanisms, promoting its extensive, multi-level and institutionalized development. Through various channels, the CPC and the Chinese government conduct extensive consultation to pool wisdoms of the people over major issues in economic and social development and problems of immediate concern to the people's interests. Efforts are being made to adhere to and improve the CPC-led multi-party cooperative and political consultative system, and give full play to the people's political consultative conferences as an important channel of consultative democracy, incorporating political consultation into the decision-making procedure and making consultation an important part of decision-making. From 2008 to 2012, the 11th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) launched more than 420 consultative activities. Since 2010 the CPPCC National Committee has received 16,743 proposals, among which 882 came from the central committees of non-Communist parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce; the CPPCC National Committee has held six standing committee meetings and a number of consultative meetings on special topics, and went on 296 investigation tours. Political consultation with non-Communist parties is being constantly strengthened. Before making any major decisions, the CPC Central Committee invites major leaders of non-Communist parties and representatives of personages without party affiliation to democratic consultative meetings, small heart-to-heart meetings, or symposiums, giving them a briefing, listening to their opinions and discussing state affairs together with them. The CPPCC National Committee conducts investigations and research on the most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people. Its proposals on protecting the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, people left behind in the countryside as caretakers, the disabled, and employees of reorganized state-owned enterprises go a long way to promoting the people's livelihood. The CPPCC National Committee has made follow-up investigations on the poverty-reduction work in the Wuling mountains and some other regions that suffer from abject poverty, and then proposed increasing financial input in these regions' rural infrastructure, establishing and improving such mechanisms as capital input, ecological compensation and regional cooperation. These proposals were highly valued and adopted by the CPC Central Committee. Their proposals also played an important role in helping formulate and release the Regional Development and Poverty-reduction Planning for the Wuling Mountainous Area.
充分保障民族自治地方依法行使自治權。民族區(qū)域自治制度是中國的一項基本政治制度，也是中國解決國內民族問題的基本政策。中國適合于建立民族自治地方的少數民族聚居區(qū)基本上都已建立民族自治地方。近年來，中國政府堅定不移地繼續(xù)堅持和完善這項基本制度，切實尊重和保障民族自治地方自治機關的自治權利，在制定政策時充分考慮少數民族和民族自治地方的實際情況，并認真研究民族區(qū)域自治法在實施過程中出現的新問題。按照民族區(qū)域自治法的有關規(guī)定，國家抓緊制定配套的法律法規(guī)、具體措施和辦法，制定或修改自治條例和單行條例，逐步建立比較完備的具有中國特色的民族法律法規(guī)體系。通過加強對民族區(qū)域自治法貫徹實施情況的檢查監(jiān)督，有針對性地研究和解決實施過程中出現的難點問題和各族干部群眾普遍關心、關系各族人民群眾切身利益的突出問題，真正體現民族區(qū)域自治制度的優(yōu)越性。目前，55個少數民族都有本民族的全國人大代表和全國政協(xié)委員，人口超過100萬的少數民族都有本民族的全國人大常委會委員。同時，積極培養(yǎng)使用少數民族干部。中央和地方國家權力機關、行政機關、審判機關和檢察機關都有一定比例的少數民族干部。155個民族自治地方的人民代表大會常務委員會中均有實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任，民族自治地方政府的主席、州長、縣長或旗長均由實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔任。	Full guarantees are given to ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy. Regional ethnic autonomy is one of the basic political systems of China and also the basic policy for settlement of domestic ethnic issues. Ethnic autonomous regions have been basically established in areas where people of ethnic minority groups live in compact communities. In recent years, the Chinese government has made unswerving efforts to continuously adhere to and improve this basic system, adopt effective measures to respect and protect the right of the organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas to exercise autonomy, and take into full consideration the realities of the ethnic minority groups and ethnic autonomous areas when formulating policies. Earnest studies have been made on new problems arising in the implementation of the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy. In accordance with provisions of this law, the state loses no time in formulating supporting laws, regulations, measures and methods and formulating or revising autonomy-related regulations and other special regulations, thus gradually bringing into place a complete system of laws and regulations concerning ethnic affairs with Chinese characteristics. By intensifying inspection and supervision over the implementation of the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and targeted studies on and settlement of difficult issues and other outstanding problems of common concern to officials and people of various ethnic minority groups, the real virtues of the system of regional ethnic autonomy have been brought into full play. At present, all the 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies to the National People's Congress and members to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. An ethnic group having a population over one million has members on the NPC Standing Committee. Meanwhile, proactive efforts are made to train officials of ethnic minority origin and appoint them to the right posts. The central and local organs of state power as well as administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs have certain percentages of officials of ethnic minority origins. The chairpersons or vice-chairpersons of the standing committees of the people's congresses of all 155 areas where regional ethnic autonomy is exercised, as well as the heads of government of autonomous regions, prefectures, counties or banners are citizens of the ethnic group or groups exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned.
基層民主建設使公民參與權進一步擴大?；鶎用裰魇侨嗣癞敿易髦鞯囊环N有效形式，它通過以村民自治為核心的農村基層民主、以社區(qū)居民自治為核心的城市基層民主和以職工代表大會為核心的企事業(yè)單位的基層民主等形式，保障全體公民廣泛和直接參與社會生活各項事務。農村村民委員會和城市社區(qū)居民委員會的換屆選舉工作實現制度化、規(guī)范化和程序化。2010年10月，全國人大常委會修改了村民委員會組織法，進一步完善和規(guī)范了村委會成員的選舉和罷免程序。截至2012年底，全國絕大多數省份已開展了8至9輪的村委會換屆選舉工作。全國98%以上的村委會實行了直接選舉，村民平均參選率達到95%。村委會女性成員比例有所提高。全國95%的村實現村務公開，90%以上的縣制訂村務公開目錄，91%的村建立村務公開欄。全國每年約有170萬名村干部進行述職述廉，對23萬多名村干部進行經濟責任審計，村民評議村干部近209萬人次。2010年至2012年，全國絕大多數城市社區(qū)開展了新一輪換屆選舉，直接選舉率在30%以上。城市社區(qū)居民委員會女性成員達到49.42%。通過居民會議議事協(xié)商和民主聽證等形式，社區(qū)各類主體都可以平等參與社區(qū)公共事務和民主決策。	Democracy building at the grassroots level further expands citizens' right to participate. Democracy at the grassroots level is an effective form for people to be masters of the country. It ensures the extensive and direct participation of all citizens in various social affairs via grassroots democracy mainly in the forms of villagers' self-government in rural areas, community residents' self-government in urban areas and congresses of workers and staff in enterprises and public institutions. Elections of rural villagers' committees and urban community residents' committees have been institutionalized and standardized and conducted in line with established procedures. In October 2010 the NPC Standing Committee amended the Organic Law of the Villagers' Committees, further improving and standardizing the election and removal procedures for their members. By the end of 2012, eight or nine rounds of elections for new rural villagers' committees had been held in most of the country' s provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Direct elections had been held for over 98 percent of the villagers' committees across the country, with villagers' participation reaching 95 percent. The proportion of female members in the villagers' committees increased slightly. Over 95 percent of villages had made their village affairs transparent; more than 90 percent of the counties had drawn up a list of village affairs that must be made known to all the villagers; and 91 percent of villages had set up bulletins where village affairs were made known to the public. Each year across the country about 1.7 million village officials report their performance to their fellow-villagers; more than 230,000 village officials have been subjected to audit of economic accountability; and nearly 2.09 million village officials have their performance commented by their fellow-villagers. Between 2010 and 2012, another round of elections for community residents' committees were carried out in most communities of Chinese cities, with the rate of direct elections topping 30 percent. The proportion of female members on urban community residents' committees reached 49.62 percent. Through such forms as consultation and democratic hearing at the residents' meetings, every member of a community is ensured to participate in public affairs and democratic decision-making on an equal footing.
切實保障公民的知情權和表達權。隨著改革的深化以及信息技術的迅猛發(fā)展，中國公眾的知情范圍日益擴大，表達空間不斷拓展。國家制定了《政府信息公開條例》，政務公開制度體系基本形成。2003年開始實行審計結果公告制度。從2010年開始，各級政府推進財政預算公開。2012年有97個中央部門公開了部門預算，98個中央部門公開了部門決算，有98個中央部門公開了“三公”經費。2011年,中央國家機關各部門各單位主動公開政府信息149萬多條, 31個省（區(qū)、市）主動公開政府信息2885萬多條。2011年，中央國家機關各部門各單位辦理依申請公開信息3000多條，70%以上的申請按規(guī)定得到辦理并予以公開；31個?。▍^(qū)、市）辦理依申請公開信息130多萬條，85%以上的申請按規(guī)定得到辦理并予以公開。中國共產黨持續(xù)推進黨務公開，建立黨委新聞發(fā)言人制度。2012年，全國省級以上黨和政府機構舉辦新聞發(fā)布會2200多場?；ヂ?lián)網已成為公民實現知情權、參與權、表達權和監(jiān)督權的重要渠道，成為政府了解社情民意的重要途徑。為了保護網絡信息安全，保障公民、法人和其他組織的合法權益，2012年12月全國人大常委會通過《關于加強網絡信息保護的決定》。截至2012年底，中國網絡微博用戶規(guī)模為3.09億。據對中國最有影響的10家網站統(tǒng)計，網民每天發(fā)表的論壇帖文和新聞評論達300多萬條，微博客每天發(fā)布和轉發(fā)的信息超過2億條。各級人民政府切實推進《信訪條例》貫徹落實，不斷暢通和規(guī)范信訪渠道，認真受理群眾的來信來訪，推廣和規(guī)范綠色郵政、網上信訪、專線電話、視頻接訪、信訪代理等做法，切實維護和保障群眾的表達權。加強全國信訪信息系統(tǒng)的建設和推廣應用，加快國家投訴受理中心建設，構建快速高效受理群眾訴求的綜合平臺。	Practical measures are taken to ensure citizens' right to know and right to be heard. With the deepening of reform and the rapid development of information technology, the Chinese people's scope of the right to know has been expanded, and so has the room for them to express their will. With the Regulations on Government Information Disclosure, the country's system for government information disclosure has basically taken shape. In 2003 China began to implement a system of announcement for audit results, and since 2010 governments at all levels have promoted the work of fiscal budget disclosure. In 2012 a total of 97 departments of central government publicly disclosed their budgets, 98 made public their final accounts, and 98 disclosed their expenses on official receptions, vehicles and overseas trips. In 2011 the various central government organs and departments took the initiative to disclose more than 1.49 million pieces of government information; the government organs of the 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) made public over 28.85 million pieces of government information. In 2011 the various central government organs and departments handled more than 3,000 applications requesting disclosure of relevant government information, and over 70 percent of these applications were granted in accordance with relevant regulations. And the government organs of the 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) handled in total more than 1.3 million applications from the public requesting the disclosure of related government information, and of these applications over 85 percent were granted in accordance with relevant regulations. The CPC continues to press ahead with making Party affairs public, and has established a spokesperson system for Party committees. In 2012 the Party and government agencies above the provincial level held in total more than 2,200 press conferences. Meanwhile, the Internet has become an important channel for citizens to exercise their rights to know, participate, be heard and supervise, as well as an important means for the government to get to know the public's opinions. To safeguard online information security and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens, legal persons and other organizations, the NPC Standing Committee approved the Decision on Strengthening Online Information Protection in December 2012. By the end of 2012, microblog users in China reached 309 million. According to a survey of China's top ten websites, each day more than three million forum messages and news comments are posted online, while over 200 million messages are posted and forwarded by microbloggers. The people's governments at all levels take concrete measures to implement the Regulations on Petition Through Letters and Visits, continuing to keep unblocked the channels of complaint through letters and visits and standardize such channels, handling such letters and visits conscientiously, and promoting and standardizing the use of green post, online complaint letters and visits, telephone hotlines, the handling of complaint visits via video, and complaint letters and visits handled by proxy, in order to guarantee and protect the people's right of expression. The construction and promotion of a national information system for complaint letters and visits are to be strengthened; the building of a national complaint-handling center is to be accelerated; and a comprehensive platform for rapidly and effectively handling people's complaints is to be built.
司法領域人權保障取得新進展。為了有效實施修改后的刑事訴訟法，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院等聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關于實施刑事訴訟法若干問題的規(guī)定》，最高人民法院制定《關于適用〈中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法〉的解釋》，最高人民檢察院公布修改后的《人民檢察院刑事訴訟規(guī)則(試行)》，公安部全面修改了《公安機關辦理刑事案件程序規(guī)定》。人民檢察院不斷強化對訴訟活動的法律監(jiān)督。2012年，檢察機關對偵查活動中的違法情況提出糾正意見55582件次，對認為確有錯誤的刑事裁判提出抗訴6196件，對刑事審判活動中的違法情況提出糾正意見11799件次。國家嚴格控制并慎用死刑。2011年2月，全國人大常委會審議通過刑法修正案（八），取消13個經濟性非暴力犯罪的死刑，死刑罪名削減幅度近五分之一。修正案還對審判時已滿75周歲的人犯罪適用死刑作了限制性規(guī)定。2010年6月，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院等聯(lián)合發(fā)布了《關于辦理死刑案件審查判斷證據若干問題的規(guī)定》，對死刑案件的證據審查判斷采用更為嚴格的標準。修改后的刑事訴訟法要求判處死刑的第二審案件全部開庭審理，并加強死刑復核監(jiān)督。擴大司法公開并強化法律監(jiān)督。2010年10月，最高人民法院發(fā)布《關于確定司法公開示范法院的決定》，分兩批確定全國200所法院為“司法公開示范法院”并發(fā)布了示范法院標準。2012年10月，公安部出臺《公安機關執(zhí)法公開規(guī)定》，全面規(guī)范公安機關執(zhí)法公開工作，拓展了執(zhí)法公開的渠道，豐富了執(zhí)法公開方式。國家保護被羈押人權利。2011年，公安部與衛(wèi)生部聯(lián)合下發(fā)《看守所醫(yī)療機構設置基本標準》，改善被羈押人的居住、生活和醫(yī)療條件。到2012年底，全國已有2391個看守所建立了被羈押人安全風險等級評估機制，占看守所總數的89.1%；有1774個看守所建立了被羈押人心理咨詢室，占看守所總數的66.1%；有1893個看守所實現留所服刑罪犯互聯(lián)網雙向視頻會見，占看守所總數的70.5%；有2532個看守所建立了在押人員投訴處理機制，占看守所總數的94.3%，累計處理在押人員投訴2633件；有2664個看守所聘請了特邀監(jiān)督員，占看守所總數的99.2%。2012年，檢察機關對刑罰執(zhí)行和監(jiān)管活動中的違法情況提出糾正意見32165件次。律師制度和法律援助制度不斷完善。修改后的刑事訴訟法明確了律師在整個訴訟過程中的辯護人地位，明確要求在偵查、起訴、審判階段，有律師的，都要聽取律師意見并附卷，擴大了法律援助在刑事訴訟中的適用范圍，將審判階段提供法律援助修改為在偵查、起訴、審判階段均提供法律援助，并擴大了法律援助的對象范圍。2012年，律師代理訴訟案件230多萬件，法律援助案件28萬件。2012年，全國辦理法律援助案件100萬余件，提供法律咨詢568萬人次，分別比2009年增長了56.4%和17.1%。	New progress is made in human rights protection in the judicial field. To effectively enforce the amended Criminal Procedure Law, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate have jointly issued the Rules on Several Issues Concerning the Enforcement of the Criminal Procedure Law; the Supreme People's Court has worked out the Interpretation Concerning the Application of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China; the Supreme People's Procuratorate has promulgated the revised Rules of Criminal Procedure for the People's Procuratorates (Trial); the Ministry of Public Security has fully amended the Rules of Procedure for Public Security Organs to Handle Criminal Cases. The people's procuratorates have continuously strengthened legal supervision over litigation activities. In 2012 the people's procuratorates gave suggestions for correction on law violations in the investigation of 55,582 cases, lodged 6,196 protests against criminal verdicts that they deemed to be wrong, and put forward suggestions for correction on law violations in criminal proceedings in 11,799 cases. China enforces strict controls over and prudently applies the death penalty. In February 2011 the NPC Standing Committee examined and approved Amendment VIII of the Criminal Law, which removed death penalty from 13 economic and nonviolent crimes, thus reducing the death penalty charges by nearly one fifth. The Amendment also adopted a restrictive regulation for the application of death penalty to offenders aged 75 or above at the time of the trial. In June 2010 the Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly issued the Rules for Reviewing and Judging the Evidence in Handling Death Penalty Cases, adopting more rigorous standards for reviewing and judging the evidence in death penalty cases. The amended Criminal Procedure Law requires that all trials of second instance for death penalty cases be held in public and the supervision over the review of death sentences be tightened. Efforts are made to enlarge the scope of judicial openness and intensify legal supervision. In October 2010 the Supreme People's Court issued the Decision on Designating Model Courts of Open Judicial Practice, which designated 200 courts throughout the country in two batches as "model courts of open judicial practice" and released the criteria for such model courts. In October 2012 the Ministry of Public Security promulgated the Rules for Open Law Enforcement by Public Security Organs, which regularizes in a comprehensive way the open law enforcement by the public security organs, opens up the channels and enriches the ways for open law enforcement. China protects the rights of detainees. In 2011 the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Health jointly issued the Basic Standards for Establishment of Clinics in Detention Centers to improve the accommodation, living and medical conditions of detainees. By the end of 2012, a detainee security risk assessment and ranking mechanism had been established in 2,391 detention centers, or 89.1 percent of the national total; psychological counseling rooms for detainees had been established in 1,774 detention centers, or 66.1 percent of the national total; two-way online video meetings for inmates had been established in 1,893 detention centers, or 70.5 percent of the national total; and a complaints handling mechanism had been set up in 2,532 detention centers, or 94.3 percent of the national total. This mechanism had been employed in handling 2,633 complaints from the detainees. In addition, guest supervisors had been hired in 2,664 detention centers, or 99.2 percent of the total. In 2012 the procuratorates raised 32,165 suggestions for correction on law-breaking activities in penalty execution and in custody. The systems of lawyers and legal assistance keep improving. The amended Criminal Procedure Law clearly defines the role of lawyer as defender in litigation and requires that in the course of the investigation, prosecution and trial, if there is a lawyer, his or her advice should be sought and attached to the case files. This requirement has enlarged the scope of application of legal assistance to criminal proceedings. After the revision, legal assistance is offered not only at the trial stage but is extended to all the processes of investigation, prosecution and trial, and to more recipients. In 2012 more than 2.3 million lawsuits and 280,000 legal assistance cases were handled by lawyers acting on behalf of the parties concerned. In 2012 more than one million legal assistance cases were handled in China, and 5.68 million people received legal counseling, up 56.4 percent and 17.1 percent, respectively as compared to 2009.
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