西方人在書(shū)面語(yǔ)里經(jīng)常會(huì)使用分詞結(jié)構(gòu),這也是英語(yǔ)中一種極為實(shí)用的句型結(jié)構(gòu),英文報(bào)紙雜志上觸目皆是:
· Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
生活沒(méi)有目標(biāo)就像航海沒(méi)有指南針。(法國(guó)作家 大仲馬)
· Dancing in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with works, and, need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen.
所有高尚教育的課程表里都不能沒(méi)有各種形式的跳舞:用腳跳舞,用思想跳舞,用言語(yǔ)跳舞,不用說(shuō),還需用筆跳舞。(德國(guó)哲學(xué)家 尼采)
· How much more profitable for the independent mind, after the mere rudiments of education, to range through a library at random, taking down books as the mother wit suggests!
受到初步的基礎(chǔ)教育之后,對(duì)于愿意獨(dú)立思考的人來(lái)說(shuō),在圖書(shū)館里信手取下一本書(shū)來(lái),根據(jù)個(gè)人的天賦隨意涉獵,這該是多大的好處?。。ㄓ?guó)紐曼紅衣主教 享利)
從上面的例子我們不難看出,英文作者大都喜歡在他們的文章和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)中使用“分詞結(jié)構(gòu)”,因?yàn)檫@種結(jié)構(gòu)可以使得描述更加生動(dòng),更加富有節(jié)奏感。同樣地,朗閣海外考試研究中心建議,對(duì)于參加雅思的考生來(lái)說(shuō),在寫(xiě)作中適當(dāng)適量使用這種句型無(wú)疑可以提高寫(xiě)作的成績(jī)。
這種分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是把兩句話合并成一個(gè)句子,只是其中一個(gè)句子省略主語(yǔ),成為半句話(作為主句的狀語(yǔ))。這半句話視其含義置于主句的前面或后面。以下是通過(guò)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子的實(shí)例:
1) China's former leader Mao Zedong once declared war against sparrows.
2) Mao believed sparrows, were a pest and a nuisance.
兩句并為一句的先決條件之一是主語(yǔ)相同;其次是這兩句話的半句要補(bǔ)充或解釋主句,主句為主,半句為從,這個(gè)主從關(guān)系必須確認(rèn)。上面兩句話符合這兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此我們可以合并為:
1) China's former leader Mao Zedong once declared war against sparrows, believing they were a pest and a nuisance.
2) Believing sparrows were a pest and a nuisance, China's former leader Mao Zedong once declared war against them.
上面的兩種形式都可以,即可以把分詞結(jié)構(gòu)放在主語(yǔ)的前面或者后面。以believing為首的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)告訴我們毛澤東向麻雀宣戰(zhàn)的背景,宣戰(zhàn)是主要含義,兩者的從屬關(guān)系不能混淆。
為了能讓大家對(duì)于分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用有更深入的了解,朗閣海外考試研究中心寫(xiě)作組的專家在這里將其用法進(jìn)行了以下的劃分:
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