Yingzao Fashi (Standards and Models for Architecture)

Yingzao Fashi (Standards and Models for Architecture) is a set of books on standards and knowhows of architectures. It was compiled under the auspices of Li Jie (1035-1110), an offi- cial in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), and is crowned as the encyclopedia of ancient Chinese architecture.

The revision of Yingzao Fashi was finished in 1100, the third year of Yuanfu period of the Emperor Zhezong's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty. The book comprises 34 volumes, which are divided into four sections. The first two volumes are Zongshi (The General Glossary) and Zongli (The General Reg- ulations), which provide an explanation of the technical terms about constructions and components. Volume 3 to 15 introduces the construction norms regarding 13 types of construction work; volume16 to 28 are about the number of laborers and materials that should be used for each type of work, calculating methods and quality standards; volume 29 to 34 are illustrations of various constructions, including architectural plans, sections, colored plans, etc. Renowned historian of science Joseph Needham believed that these illustrations are much better than the western graphics of medieval cathedrals and the Arabic mechanic graphics in terms of framework combination and accuracy.

Yingzao Fashi systematically summarizes the methods and experience concerning architecture design and construction un- til the Northern Song Dynasty, which epitomizes the excellent talent and outstanding skills of ancient Chinese architects and craftsmen. Being the earliest and most comprehensive book on architecture, as well as the world's first printed and published architectural monograph, Yingzao Fashi has profound influence on the development of architectural craftsmanship in later times.

《營(yíng)造法式》

中國(guó)古代建筑學(xué)著作《營(yíng)造法式》由北宋官員李誡（1035—1110）主持編修，是北宋官方頒布的建筑設(shè)計(jì)資料集和建筑規(guī)范叢書，被譽(yù)為“中國(guó)古代建筑百科全書”。

《營(yíng)造法式》成書于北宋元符三年（1100），正文共34卷，分為4個(gè)部分。第一、第二卷為《總釋》《總例》，對(duì)書中的建筑和構(gòu)件術(shù)語進(jìn)行規(guī)范詮釋；第三卷至第十五卷介紹了13個(gè)建筑工種的營(yíng)造規(guī)范；第十六卷至第二十八卷規(guī)定了各工種的用工及用料的定額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、計(jì)算方法以及質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；第二十九至第三十四卷是各類建筑及構(gòu)件的平面圖、剖面圖、彩畫圖等圖樣。英國(guó)著名科技史學(xué)家李約瑟認(rèn)為，這些圖樣在框架組合與精細(xì)程度上，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過西方中世紀(jì)大教堂的制圖與阿拉伯機(jī)械圖樣。

《營(yíng)造法式》系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了北宋及前代建筑設(shè)計(jì)施工的方法和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，反映了中國(guó)古代建筑工匠的卓越才能和高超技藝，是中國(guó)古籍中最早、最完備的一部建筑技術(shù)專著，也是世界上正式印刷出版的第一部建筑學(xué)專著，對(duì)后世建筑技藝的發(fā)展具有重要影響。