Learning alone without exchanges with others will lead to ignorance.

This is a warning in The Book of Rites. Those who study on their own and have no others to exchange views with may become narrow-minded and short-sighted, and fail to make progress. Only through mutual learning and drawing on the strengths of others can a successful education be ensured.

Exchanging ideas is an idea championed by the traditional Confucian philosophy on education, as mutual learning and mutual assistance are believed to be an excellent way to acquire knowledge and cultivate virtue.

Xi Jinping cited this idea in his speech at the opening of the International Conference Commemorating the 2,565th Anniversary of Confucius' Birth and the Fifth Congress of the International Confucian Association in September 2014 and in an interview with The Wall Street Journal. He expressed his support for exchanges among cultures and dialogue between civilizations.

Countries should neither feel inferior and lose national confidence in front of other civilizations in the world, nor be arrogant and parochial. They should respect their own cultures and learn from others to promote exchanges and interaction. They must not shut their door to the outside, still less indulge in self-aggrandizement.

獨(dú)學(xué)而無(wú)友，則孤陋而寡聞

“獨(dú)學(xué)而無(wú)友，則孤陋而寡聞”，出自《禮記》，意為獨(dú)自學(xué)習(xí)而沒(méi)有朋友一起切磋，就會(huì)知識(shí)狹隘、見識(shí)短淺，導(dǎo)致教育的失敗；只有學(xué)習(xí)中相互觀摩、取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，教育才能成功。事實(shí)上，朋友間切磋琢磨，也是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)儒學(xué)教育理論的一大特點(diǎn)，儒家始終認(rèn)為互學(xué)互助是增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)、修養(yǎng)德行的重要因素。

習(xí)近平在2014年9月紀(jì)念孔子誕辰2565周年國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)暨國(guó)際儒學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)第五屆會(huì)員大會(huì)，以及接受美國(guó)《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》采訪等多個(gè)場(chǎng)合中，都引用“獨(dú)學(xué)而無(wú)友，則孤陋而寡聞”來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)文化交流和文明對(duì)話的態(tài)度。這一箴言提醒人們，面對(duì)人類社會(huì)創(chuàng)造的各種文明，既不能盲目自卑，失去民族自信力，又不能過(guò)度自傲，存有門戶之見：一方面，各國(guó)要尊重自己的民族文化，另一方面，各國(guó)文明又要互學(xué)互鑒，共同推進(jìn)人類文明交流交融，切不可自我封閉，更不能唯我獨(dú)尊。