Deng Xiaoping Theory

Great change has remained the trend around the globe since the 1970s. With the conclusion of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in late 1978, China ushered in a new era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization.

It was against this background that Deng Xiaoping Theory gradually formed and developed, based on a review of China's successes and setbacks in developing socialism and drawing on the rise and fall of other socialist countries.

Addressing the closing session of the CPC Central Work Conference in December 1978, Deng Xiaoping delivered a speech entitled "Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts, and Unite as One in Looking to the Future." This was a statement proclaiming China's new era, new path, and new theory on socialism with Chinese characteristics. At the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee that followed, the Party decided to shift the focus of the Party and the country to socialist modernization, thus raising the curtain for reform and opening up. This is deemed the embryo of Deng Xiaoping Theory.

At the Party's 12th National Congress in September 1982, Deng Xiaoping first raised the subject of "building socialism with Chinese characteristics." The Party's 13th National Congress in 1987 elaborated on the theory on the primary stage of socialism and the guideline for building socialism with Chinese characteristics in this stage. Based on a review since the late 1970s, the congress summarized Deng's observations on China's socialism in terms of the stage, tasks, motivation, conditions, and general plan, as well as international situation. These constitute an outline of the theory on socialism with Chinese characteristics.

In early 1992, Deng made a tour of south China and in speeches at various locations, he provided timely answers to such questions as what is socialism, and how to build socialism, which helped people free their minds and boosted their confidence in socialism.

In his report to the 14th CPC National Congress held in October 1992, Jiang Zemin (b. 1926) summarized the theory on building socialism with Chinese characteristics under nine headings: path of development, stages of development, fundamental task, motive force, external conditions, political guarantees, strategic plan, leading force and forces to rely on, and China's reunification. This established Deng's theory on Chinese socialism as the guidance for the whole Party. 

At the 15th CPC National Congress held in September 1997, the theory initiated by Deng Xiaoping on building socialism with Chinese characteristics was named Deng Xiaoping Theory, designated together with Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought as the guiding thought and guide to action of the CPC, and written into the Party Constitution. In 1999, the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress (NPC) wrote this theory into the Chinese Constitution.

Deng Xiaoping Theory is a complete scientific system that embraces philosophy, political economics and scientific socialism. It covers, among other things, the economy, politics, science and technology, education, culture, ethnic affairs, military affairs, foreign affairs, the united front, and Party development. It provides answers to a number of basic questions about Chinese socialism, including the ideological guideline and nature of socialism, the path and stages of socialist development, the fundamental tasks, the development strategy and driving forces behind socialism, the opening up of socialist countries, the reform of socialist political and economic structures, the political guarantees for socialist development, the diplomatic strategies for a socialist country, China's reunification, the forces to rely on for China's socialism, the military and defense of a socialist country, and the leadership core of socialism.

Deng Xiaoping Theory carries forward and develops Mao Zedong Thought in China's new historical conditions. It is the second historic step in adapting Marxism to China's conditions and is the crystallization of the wisdom of the entire Party. The theory guided China in making a number of major changes from focusing on class struggle to focusing on economic development, from a closed and semi-closed state to reform and opening up, and from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, achieving political stability, economic development, and ethnic solidarity, and enhancing socialist productive forces, comprehensive national strength, and standards of living.

鄧小平理論

20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，國(guó)際形勢(shì)和世界政治格局發(fā)生重大變化，和平與發(fā)展逐步成為時(shí)代主題。1978年，中共十一屆三中全會(huì)開啟了改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)新時(shí)期。鄧小平理論是在和平與發(fā)展成為時(shí)代主題的歷史條件下，在中國(guó)改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的實(shí)踐中，在總結(jié)中國(guó)社會(huì)主義勝利和挫折的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)并借鑒其他社會(huì)主義國(guó)家興衰成敗歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，逐步形成和發(fā)展起來(lái)的。

1978年12月，鄧小平在中共中央工作會(huì)議閉幕會(huì)上作題為《解放思想，實(shí)事求是，團(tuán)結(jié)一致向前看》的講話。這是開辟新時(shí)期新道路、開創(chuàng)建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義新理論的宣言書。隨后召開的中共十一屆三中全會(huì)作出把黨和國(guó)家的工作重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)上來(lái)的戰(zhàn)略決策，揭開了改革開放的序幕。這次全會(huì)標(biāo)志著鄧小平理論開始形成。

1982年9月，鄧小平在中共十二大上第一次提出“建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義”的重要命題。1987年，中共十三大系統(tǒng)闡明了關(guān)于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的理論，完整概括了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線，初步概括了中共十一屆三中全會(huì)以來(lái)開辟新道路的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并從中國(guó)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的階段、任務(wù)、動(dòng)力、條件、布局和國(guó)際環(huán)境等方面，對(duì)鄧小平關(guān)于社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的一系列科學(xué)理論觀點(diǎn)作了歸納。這些構(gòu)成了建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義理論的輪廓，標(biāo)志著鄧小平理論初步形成。

1992年年初，鄧小平視察中國(guó)南方并發(fā)表了重要談話，及時(shí)深刻地回答了中國(guó)改革開放中“什么是社會(huì)主義，怎樣建設(shè)社會(huì)主義”的重大問題，極大地解放了人們的思想并堅(jiān)定了人們的社會(huì)主義信念。同年10月，江澤民在中共十四大報(bào)告中，從發(fā)展道路、發(fā)展階段、根本任務(wù)、發(fā)展動(dòng)力、外部條件、政治保證、戰(zhàn)略步驟、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和依靠力量、實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一等9個(gè)方面，概括了建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論的主要內(nèi)容，確立了鄧小平建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論在全黨的指導(dǎo)地位。

1997年9月，中共十五大將鄧小平關(guān)于建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的理論定名為“鄧小平理論”，同馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想并列為黨的指導(dǎo)思想和行動(dòng)指南并寫入黨章。1999年，九屆全國(guó)人大二次會(huì)議將鄧小平理論載入中國(guó)憲法。

鄧小平理論是貫通哲學(xué)、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、科學(xué)社會(huì)主義等領(lǐng)域，涵蓋經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、科技、教育、文化、民族、軍事、外交、統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線、黨的建設(shè)等方面比較完備的科學(xué)體系。這一體系科學(xué)回答了建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的一系列基本問題，主要包括：關(guān)于社會(huì)主義思想路線的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義本質(zhì)和社會(huì)主義發(fā)展道路的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義發(fā)展階段的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義根本任務(wù)的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義建設(shè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義發(fā)展動(dòng)力的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義國(guó)家對(duì)外開放的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義建設(shè)政治保證的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義國(guó)家外交戰(zhàn)略的理論；關(guān)于祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義事業(yè)依靠力量的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義國(guó)家軍隊(duì)和國(guó)防建設(shè)的理論；關(guān)于社會(huì)主義事業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心的理論等。

鄧小平理論是毛澤東思想在新的歷史條件下的繼承和發(fā)展，是馬克思主義中國(guó)化第二次歷史性飛躍的理論成果，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨集體智慧的結(jié)晶。在鄧小平理論的指導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了從“以階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)為綱”到以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心、從封閉半封閉到改革開放、從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)到社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)等一系列重大轉(zhuǎn)變，實(shí)現(xiàn)了政治穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、民族團(tuán)結(jié)，社會(huì)主義生產(chǎn)力、綜合國(guó)力和人民生活水平踏上一個(gè)大臺(tái)階，成功走出了一條中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義新道路。