The Socialist Market Economy

A socialist market economy is inseparable from a basic socialist system. Effective alignment of the two, so as to fully leverage the socialist system and tap the potential of market mechanisms in resource allocation, is key to developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. This is also key to China's economic achievements since the rollout of reform and opening up. Over the past four decades, economic structural reform has been a gradual process of developing a socialist market economy, a process that has gone through stages of testing, implementation and continuous improvement. It is a process focusing on rationalizing the relationship between the government and the market.

Establishing a socialist market economy is a natural result of China's reform and opening up, and a major outcome of exploring new theories on Chinese socialism. Following the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in late 1978, the country embarked on a journey of reform and opening up, which was also a process of market-oriented reform. The Resolution on Some Historical Questions of the Party Since the Founding of the PRC, adopted at the sixth plenary session in 1981, proposed the guideline of "building a planned economy supplemented by market regulation." As the idea of respecting and obeying the law of value in economic activities gained a wider foothold, economic activities were channeled into the mainstream of a commodity economy. On this basis, the 13th CPC National Congress in 1987 advocated that a socialist planned commodity economy should be a system combining a planned economy and the market.

In 1992, the 14th CPC National Congress affirmed that the objective of China's economic structural reform was to build a socialist market economy. This move showed that the Party had incorporated the concept of market economy into socialism. A related decision was adopted by the 14th CPC Central Committee at its third plenary session in 1993. The ensuing 20 years witnessed ongoing attempts to find the right balance in the relationship between the government and the market.

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013 emphasized the market's decisive role in resource allocation and the importance of improving the functions of the government. These policy adjustments pointed to the fact that the key to further economic structural reform remained the correct balance in the relationship between the government and the market. The 19th CPC National Congress in 2017 required accelerating the improvement of the socialist market economy. At its fifth plenary session held in 2020, the 19th CPC Central Committee reaffirmed its commitment to fully leveraging the decisive role of the market in allocating resources and giving better play to the role of the government to ensure better alignment between an efficient market and a well-functioning government.

Today China has established a sound socialist market economy, a system never tried before, and a concept never proposed in economic classics anywhere in the world. This makes it a unique creation of the CPC, and also a successful experiment in building Chinese socialism.

社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制

社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是同社會(huì)主義基本制度結(jié)合在一起的。實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義基本制度與市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的有機(jī)結(jié)合，把社會(huì)主義的制度優(yōu)勢(shì)和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)配置資源的優(yōu)勢(shì)都發(fā)揮好，是堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義一項(xiàng)極其重要的內(nèi)容，也是改革開放以來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展獲得巨大成功的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。40多年來(lái)，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革最主要的內(nèi)容就是社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制從探索到建立再到不斷完善的過程，其核心是理順政府與市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系。

建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的中國(guó)改革開放實(shí)踐的必然結(jié)果，也是改革開放以來(lái)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論探索的重要成果。以1978年中共十一屆三中全會(huì)的召開為標(biāo)志，中國(guó)走上改革開放的道路，實(shí)際上就是開啟了以市場(chǎng)為取向的改革。1981年中共十一屆六中全會(huì)通過的《關(guān)于建國(guó)以來(lái)黨的若干歷史問題的決議》提出“以計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)為主，市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)為輔”的理論。按照尊重和利用價(jià)值規(guī)律的要求來(lái)進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)已開始成為人們的共識(shí)，現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)也逐步納入了真正意義上的商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展軌道。在此基礎(chǔ)上，1987年中共十三大提出，社會(huì)主義有計(jì)劃商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的體制應(yīng)該是計(jì)劃與市場(chǎng)內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一的體制。

1992年中共十四大提出中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的目標(biāo)是建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，這標(biāo)志著中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨把市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)寫在了社會(huì)主義的旗幟上。1993年，中共十四屆三中全會(huì)通過了《中共中央關(guān)于建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制若干問題的決定》。此后20多年時(shí)間里，中國(guó)一直在根據(jù)實(shí)踐尋找政府和市場(chǎng)關(guān)系新的科學(xué)定位。2013年中共十八屆三中全會(huì)提出，使市場(chǎng)在資源配置中起決定性作用，更好發(fā)揮政府作用，這說明全面深化經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的核心問題仍然是處理好政府和市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系。2017年中共十九大進(jìn)一步對(duì)加快完善社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制提出要求。2020年中共十九屆五中全會(huì)進(jìn)一步明確，要堅(jiān)持和完善社會(huì)主義基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)在資源配置中的決定性作用，更好發(fā)揮政府作用，推動(dòng)有效市場(chǎng)和有為政府更好結(jié)合。

經(jīng)過不斷探索和努力，中國(guó)已經(jīng)建立起比較完善的社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。這是一種史無(wú)前例的體制，也是中外經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)典中從來(lái)沒有過的一個(gè)概念。正因如此，社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制不僅是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的一次重大理論和實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新，也是中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路探索中的一個(gè)偉大創(chuàng)舉。