Hailongtun of Zunyi

Guizhou is rich in Tusi-related cultural heritage. The most famous is the site of Hailongtun Tusi Fortress known as the "Tusi Palace on the Cliff". In July 2015, it was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 39th Session of the World Heritage Committee in Bonn, Germany. It covers an area of 12.9 square kilometers, including the heritage area and the buffer zone.

Located on the top of the Longyan Mountain in Hailongtun Village, Gaoping Town, Zunyi City (formerly known as Bozhou), the Hailongtun Fortress was built in 1257, the fifth year of the Baoyou Period in the Southern Song Dynasty. There were nine passes and the fortress was destroyed in the Bozhou Campaign in 1600, the 28th year of Emperor Wanli's reign in the Ming Dynasty. Built over difficult terrain, the fortress is 1,354 meters high at the highest altitude and 974 meters at the lowest, so there is a height difference of nearly 400 meters. The most dangerous part is the "stairway to the heaven", known as the "36 steps" in ancient times. It has a length of 55 meters and a gradient of 45 degrees, while the steps are 2.7 meters wide.

In 1257, to prevent the Mongol army from moving south, the officials in Bozhou planned to build this military fortress. Two years later, M?ngke Khan was killed in battle at Diaoyucheng in Hechuan, Chongqing. It was not a coincidence that military fortresses were constructed at Hailongtun and Diaoyucheng in the same period. It was closely associated with Bozhou people's adeptness at building fortresses. The builders of Diaoyucheng were Ran Jin and Ran Pu who were brothers from Bozhou. The Yuan army was blocked then and had to go around Yunnan to attack the Central Plains regime. In 1599, the 27th year of Emperor Wanli's reign in the Ming Dynasty, Yang Yinglong, Pacification Commissioner of Bozhou, staged a military rebellion against the Ming court which sent 240,000 troops to attack Hailongtun. Known as the Bozhou Campaign in Chinese history, this is also one of the Three Great Campaigns of Emperor Wanli.

Hailongtun was the product of the evolution of China's ethnic minority policy from the Jimi (literally "control and incentives") System of the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Tusi System of Yuan and Ming Dynasties and then to the system of state-appointed officials. It was also the main battlefield of the famous Bozhou Campaign, which witnessed the rise and decline of the Yangs Tusi family in Bozhou over a span of 725 years.

In 2013, the Hailongtun Site was listed as one of China's top ten new archaeological discoveries. In 2015, it was listed as one of the world's top ten field archaeological discoveries.

遵義海龍屯

貴州有豐富的土司文化遺跡,其中以遵義海龍屯土司城堡遺址最為著名,被譽(yù)為“絕壁上的土司宮殿”。2015年7月,在德國(guó)波恩召開的第39屆世界遺產(chǎn)大會(huì)上將其列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄,遺址區(qū)面積含遺產(chǎn)區(qū)和緩沖區(qū)共12.9平方千米。

海龍屯位于遵義市(舊稱播州)高坪鎮(zhèn)海龍屯村龍巖山巔,始建于南宋寶祐五年(1257),屯上建有九個(gè)關(guān)口,毀于明萬歷二十八年(1600)的平播之役。海龍屯地勢(shì)險(xiǎn)要,屯上最高海拔1354米,屯下海拔974米,相對(duì)高差近400米。其中最險(xiǎn)要的當(dāng)數(shù)“天梯”,古稱“三十六步”,長(zhǎng)55米,坡度45度,中間踏步寬2.7米。

1257年,為了阻止蒙古軍隊(duì)南下,當(dāng)時(shí)的播州官員謀劃構(gòu)筑這一軍事城堡。兩年后,蒙哥汗戰(zhàn)死重慶合川釣魚城。海龍屯和釣魚城之間在同一時(shí)期構(gòu)造軍事堡壘不是巧合,而是和播州人擅長(zhǎng)筑城有密切關(guān)系。釣魚城的營(yíng)造者正是播州人冉琎、冉璞兄弟倆。元朝大軍鐵蹄受阻,只好繞道云南進(jìn)攻中原王朝。明朝萬歷二十七年(1599),播州宣慰使楊應(yīng)龍舉兵反明。朝廷調(diào)24萬大軍攻破海龍屯,史稱“平播之役”,也是萬歷三大征之一。

海龍屯是中國(guó)唐宋羈縻之制和元明土司制度的產(chǎn)物,見證了中國(guó)少數(shù)民族政策由羈縻之制到土司制度再到“改土歸流”的演變。它也是著名的“平播之役”的主戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),見證了播州楊氏土司家族長(zhǎng)達(dá)725年的興衰。

2013年,海龍屯遺址考古被列為全國(guó)十大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)之一;2015年,海龍屯考古被列為世界十大重大田野考古發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。