作者:王曉輝
老子和太上老君究竟是什么關(guān)系?很多人認(rèn)為老子就是太上老君,其實不然。老子是真實的歷史人物,太上老君則是神化了的老子。
老子姓李名耳,字聃,出生在春秋末年楚國苦縣厲鄉(xiāng)曲仁里,曾任周朝守藏室之史。古人稱有學(xué)問的人為“子”,類似我們今天所說的“先生”或“老師”,如孔子、莊子、荀子、孫子??墒牵献有绽?,為什么沒有被稱為“李子”,卻成了“老子”呢?傳說中,老子的媽媽懷他整整七十二年才把他生下來,一出生就已經(jīng)是白頭發(fā)的老人家了,所以,他媽媽便把這個小老頭叫“老子”。耄耋之年的高齡產(chǎn)婦生了一個古稀之年的老兒子,誰說中國人沒有想象力!
這個說法兒只可當(dāng)作茶余飯后的談資,一笑了之。老子之所以被稱為“老子”,或者是由于他壽命長,或者是由于他學(xué)問大,或者他真的很顯老??傊@位老先生的出現(xiàn),標(biāo)志著中國哲學(xué)的誕生,他的《道德經(jīng)》也成為了哲學(xué)思想的經(jīng)典。司馬遷《史記》記載,孔子曾向老子請教關(guān)于禮的問題,聽了老子的講論,回去后對弟子說:“…… 至于龍吾不能知,其乘風(fēng)云而上天。吾今日見老子,其猶龍邪!” 孔子如此評價,足以說明老子在當(dāng)時學(xué)術(shù)界的地位。
也許人們不愿意接受這樣一位了不起的人物以平常人的方式離開這個世界,于是為他設(shè)計了一個非常浪漫的遁世方式。據(jù)漢代劉向《列仙傳》記載,老子西游過函谷關(guān),負(fù)責(zé)守關(guān)的官員尹喜見有紫氣浮關(guān),便知有貴人經(jīng)過,果然,老子騎青牛而至。這就是成語“紫氣東來”的典故。尹喜是個有見識的人,知道老子的名頭和學(xué)問,于是軟磨硬泡,非要老子留下文章著作。老子沒辦法,只好在函谷關(guān)停留了幾天,寫下了一篇五千字的《道德經(jīng)》,然后騎著青牛飄然而去。
再往后,關(guān)于老子的記載和傳說越來越玄了,他的身份也一路演變,從周守藏室之史到道家始祖,最后成了高級別的神仙太上老君。
《西游記》中太上老君似乎是一個社會活動很多的活躍人物,又是講道,又是煉丹,還要幫助玉皇大帝捉拿大鬧天宮的孫悟空,與清靜無為的“道祖”形象相去甚遠(yuǎn)。
【配圖:彭靖雯】
《西游記》第五回,孫悟空偷吃了蟠桃,偷喝了御酒,迷迷瞪瞪走到了兜率宮里,把太上老君好不容易煉得的仙丹像吃花生米一樣吃了個干干凈凈。悟空返回花果山,天兵天將也奈何他不得,觀音菩薩向玉皇大帝推薦二郎真君來捉拿孫猴兒。二郎神和孫悟空斗得旗鼓相當(dāng),不分勝負(fù),于是觀音菩薩和太上老君就商量如何利用高空拋物去打?qū)O悟空。
老君道:“菩薩將甚兵器?怎么助他?”菩薩道:“我將那凈瓶楊柳拋下去,打那猴頭;即不能打死,也打個一跌,教二郎小圣,好去拿他?!崩暇溃骸澳氵@瓶是個磁器,準(zhǔn)打著他便好,如打不著他的頭,或撞著他的鐵棒,卻不打碎了?你且莫動手,等我老君助他一功?!逼兴_道:“你有什么兵器?”老君道:“有,有,有?!鞭燮鹨滦?,左膊上,取下一個圈子,說道:“這件兵器,乃錕鋼摶煉的,被我將還丹點成,養(yǎng)就一身靈氣,善能變化,水火不侵,又能套諸物;一名‘金鋼琢’,又名‘金鋼套’。當(dāng)年過函關(guān),化胡為佛,甚是虧他。早晚最可防身。等我丟下去打他一下?!痹挳叄蕴扉T上往下一摜,滴流流,徑落花果山營盤里,可可的著猴王頭上一下。猴王只顧苦戰(zhàn)七圣,卻不知天上墜下這兵器,打中了天靈,立不穩(wěn)腳,跌了一跤,爬將起來就跑,被二郎爺爺?shù)募?xì)犬趕上,照腿肚子上一口,又扯了一跌。他睡倒在地,罵道:“這個亡人!你不去妨家長,卻來咬老孫!”急翻身爬不起來,被七圣一擁按住,即將繩索捆綁,使勾刀穿了琵琶骨,再不能變化。
這段故事,在《西游記》小說和電視連續(xù)劇以及動畫片《大鬧天宮》中,都是精彩片段。我們先來看看詹納爾教授的翻譯再接著討論。
"What weapon would you use, Bodhisattva? How could you help him?" Lao Zi asked. "I'll drop that pure vase of willow twigs on the monkey's head. Even if it doesn't kill him it will knock him off balance and enable the Little Sage to catch him." "That vase of yours is made of porcelain," Lao Zi replied, "and if you hit the target that will be fine. But if it were to miss his head and smash into his iron club, it would be shattered. Just hold your hand while I give him a little help." "What sort of weapon do you have?" the Bodhisattva asked, and Lord Lao Zi replied, "I've got one all right." He pulled up his sleeve and took a bracelet off his right arm. "This weapon," he said, "is made of tempered steel to which I have added the magic elixir. It preserves my miraculous essence, can transform itself, is proof against fire and water, and can snare anything. One of its names is Diamond Jade and the other is Diamond Noose. When I went out through the Han Pass some years ago to turn into a foreigner and become a Buddha, I have a great deal to thank it for. It's the best protection at any time. Just watch while I throw it down and hit him."
As soon as he had finished speaking he threw it down from outside the heavenly gate, and it fell into the camp on the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit, hitting the Monkey King neatly on the head. The Monkey King was too preoccupied with fighting the seven sages to notice this weapon falling on him from heaven, and when it struck him on the forehead he lost his balance and stumbled, then picked himself up and started to run. The slim dog of the god Erlang caught him up and bit him in the calf, bringing him down again. As he lay on the ground he cursed at the dog. "You don't bother your own master, damn you; why pick on me to bite?" He rolled over and tried unsuccessfully to get up, but the seven sages all held him down, roped him up, and put a sickle-shaped blade round his collar-bone to prevent him from making any more transformations.
這一段英文雖然長了一些,但讀起來還是非常生動的。太上老君的名字,詹納爾教授翻譯成Lord Lao Zi, 用了他成仙之前的名字,把老君的“君”譯成lord,也很貼切。余國藩教授將太上老君譯為Most High Laozi,突出了“太上”,但在敘事過程中都簡稱為Laozi。觀音菩薩的翻譯不必糾結(jié),從梵文直譯成Bodhisattva即可。
太上老君的寶貝金剛琢,是由錕鋼煉就的,又點了仙丹,所以有靈氣,善變化,不懼水火。所謂錕鋼就是淬火鋼,現(xiàn)在老百姓打菜刀的鋼都是錕鋼,但在古代卻屬于高科技產(chǎn)品,英文是tempered steel?!皩⑦€丹點成”估計就是加了些新的配方,所以,詹納爾教授把“將還丹點成”翻譯成added the magic elixir,意思是加了煉金藥。“水火不侵”指金剛琢不懼水火,但轉(zhuǎn)換成英文時要注意,不要用fear,因為fear是情感或感覺類的詞匯,而金剛琢只是個物件兒,所以,詹納爾教授用proof against fire and water,既防火又防水。
這段話中最值得我們注意的是太上老君提到的“化胡為佛”(to turn into a foreigner and become a Buddha)。老子化胡為佛的說法源自西晉道士王浮所撰《老子化胡經(jīng)》,主要內(nèi)容是老子出函谷關(guān),西行天竺,化身為釋迦牟尼,創(chuàng)立佛教。 這樣一來,佛教就比道教矮了一輩兒。《老子化胡經(jīng)》是為了抬高道教貶低佛教所作的“偽經(jīng)”。晉朝時期佛道斗爭激烈,王浮的這種做法,屬于典型的非公平競爭的手段。唐高宗、唐中宗都將其列為禁書,元世祖也曾下令焚毀,但在民間,老子化胡的說法依然很流行,這說明道家的確很擅長公關(guān)宣傳。
天兵天將雖然捉住了孫悟空,但刀劈斧剁雷擊火燒都奈何他不得,于是,太上老君又將孫悟空放到八卦爐中,用文武之火煉了七七四十九天。老君的想法是把孫悟空煉化了,好找回被他偷吃的金丹。可是,孫悟空不僅沒有被煉化,反而煉成了一雙“火眼金睛”。
火眼金睛的英文怎么翻譯呢?我們把詹納爾教授和余國藩教授的翻譯列在這里,供大家參考。
Fire eyes with golden pupils (詹納爾譯)
Fiery Eyes and Diamond Pupils (余國藩譯)
兩位的譯法非常相近,只不過余國藩教授將“金睛”翻譯成了“鉆石睛”(diamond pupils),比詹納爾教授翻譯的golden pupils更貴重一些。
雖然太上老君最初沒少跟孫悟空作對,但在后來唐僧師徒取經(jīng)的過程中卻也沒少幫忙。每一次孫悟空以老熟人的身份去找他,他都是有求必應(yīng)??磥恚@兩位還真是不打不成交。