美國對外侵略戰(zhàn)爭造成嚴重人道主義災難
中國人權(quán)研究會
2021年4月

Severe Humanitarian Disasters Caused by US Aggressive Wars against Foreign Countries
The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS)
April, 2021

美國一直自詡為“山巔之城”，支持“天賦人權(quán)”，肩負“天賦使命”，時常打著“人道主義干涉”的旗號對外動武。自1776年7月4日宣布獨立以來，在240多年的歷史中，美國沒有參與戰(zhàn)爭的時間不足20年。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，從1945年第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束到2001年，世界上153個地區(qū)發(fā)生了248次武裝沖突，其中美國發(fā)起的就有201場，約占81%。美國發(fā)動的多數(shù)侵略戰(zhàn)爭都是單邊主義行動，甚至還遭致其盟友的反對。這些戰(zhàn)爭不僅奪去了大量各方軍人的生命，更造成了極為嚴重的平民傷亡和財產(chǎn)損失，導致驚人的人道主義災難。美國的自私和虛偽也通過這些對外干涉行為表露無遺。

The United States has always praised itself as "a city upon a hill" that is an example to others in the way it supports "natural human rights" and fulfills "natural responsibilities", and it has repeatedly waged foreign wars under the banner of "humanitarian intervention". During the past 240-plus years after it declared independence on July 4th, 1776, the United States was not involved in any war for merely less than 20 years. According to incomplete statistics, from the end of World War II in 1945 to 2001, among the 248 armed conflicts that occurred in 153 regions of the world, 201 were initiated by the United States, accounting for 81 percent of the total number. Most of the wars of aggression waged by the United States have been unilateralist actions, and some of these wars were even opposed by its own allies. These wars not only cost the belligerent parties a large number of military lives but also caused extremely serious civilian casualties and property damage, leading to horrific humanitarian disasters. The selfishness and hypocrisy of the United States have also been fully exposed through these foreign wars.

一、二戰(zhàn)后美國發(fā)動的主要侵略戰(zhàn)爭

1. Major Aggressive Wars Waged by the United States after World War II

1. 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭。發(fā)生于20世紀50年代初的朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭時間雖短但異常血腥，戰(zhàn)爭導致300多萬名平民死亡，另有約300萬人成為難民。根據(jù)朝方的統(tǒng)計，戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了約8700座工廠、5000所學校、1000家醫(yī)院和60萬戶家庭，有200萬18歲以下的兒童因戰(zhàn)爭流離失所。而韓方的損失高達412.3億韓元，相當于官方匯率下的69億美元；戰(zhàn)爭期間韓方約有60萬套住房、46.9%的鐵路、1656條公路、1453座橋梁被毀。此外，戰(zhàn)爭導致的南北分治還造成大量家庭分離。在韓國統(tǒng)一部登記有離散家屬的韓國人約為13萬人，其中7.5萬人已經(jīng)離世。美國《外交官》雜志網(wǎng)站2020年6月25日報道，截至2019年11月，韓國分裂家庭成員的平均年齡為81歲，自1988年以來133370名申請團聚者中的60%以上已經(jīng)去世，他們中的絕大部分人在分離后就再也沒見過自己的親人。

(1) The Korean War. The Korean War, which took place in the early 1950s, did not persist for a long time but it was extremely bloody, leading to more than three million civilian deaths and creating more than three million refugees. According to statistics from the DPRK, the war destroyed about 8,700 factories, 5,000 schools, 1,000 hospitals, and 600,000 households, and more than two million children under the age of 18 were uprooted by the war. During this war, the ROK side lost 41.23 billion won, which was equivalent to 6.9 billion US dollars according to the official exchange rate at that time; and about 600,000 houses, 46.9 percent of railways, 1,656 highways, and 1,453 bridges in the ROK were destroyed. Worse still, the war led to the division of the DPRK and the ROK, causing a large number of family separations. Among the more than 130,000 Koreans registered in the Ministry of Unification in the ROK who have family members cut off by the war, 75,000 have passed away, forever losing the chance to meet their lost family members again. The website of the United States' The Diplomat magazine reported on June 25, 2020, that as of November 2019, the average age of these family separation victims in the ROK had reached 81, and 60 percent of the 133,370 victims registered since 1988 had passed away, and that most of the registered victims never succeeded in meeting their lost family members again.

2. 越南戰(zhàn)爭。20世紀50年代至70年代發(fā)生的越南戰(zhàn)爭，是二戰(zhàn)后延續(xù)時間最長也最為殘酷的一場戰(zhàn)爭。據(jù)越南政府估計，約有110萬名北越士兵和30萬名南越士兵喪生，多達200萬名平民在戰(zhàn)爭中死亡，其中有些是被美軍以“打擊越共”的名義有計劃屠殺的。美軍在越南、老撾和柬埔寨投下的炸彈超過二戰(zhàn)期間各方投下炸彈的三倍。據(jù)估計，越南至少還遺留著35萬噸可爆炸的炸彈與地雷，按照目前的速度，需要300年才能將它們從越南的土地上清除干凈。《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2012年12月3日報道，越南政府的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自1975年戰(zhàn)爭正式結(jié)束以來，戰(zhàn)爭遺留彈藥已殺死約42000人。此外，美軍還在越南投放了2000萬加侖（約合7571萬升）的落葉劑，導致40萬越南人死亡，約200萬越南人因為接觸到落葉劑而罹患癌癥或其他疾病。延續(xù)十幾年的戰(zhàn)爭導致300多萬難民外逃，在漂洋過海的路途中有大量人員死亡。在逃離越南的難民中，有92%的被調(diào)查者表示，落葉劑的影響使其感覺持續(xù)疲勞，其他表現(xiàn)包括流產(chǎn)和出生缺陷問題。美國官方的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，越南20%的叢林和20%至36%的紅樹林被落葉劑摧毀。

(2) The Vietnam War. The Vietnam War which lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s is the longest and most brutal war since the end of World War II. The Vietnamese government estimated that the war killed approximately 1.1 million North Vietnamese soldiers and 300,000 South Vietnamese soldiers, and caused as many as two million civilian deaths. The government also pointed out that some of the deaths were caused by the US troops' planned massacres that were carried out in the name of "combating the Vietnamese Communist Party". During the war, the US forces dropped a large number of bombs in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, almost three times the total number of bombs dropped during World War II. It is estimated that as of today, there are at least 350,000 metric tons of unexploded mines and bombs left by the US military in Vietnam alone, and these mines and bombs are still explosive. At the current rate, it will take 300 years to clean out these explosives. The website of The Huffington Post reported on December 3, 2012, that statistics from the Vietnamese government showed that since the end of the war in 1975, the explosive remnants of the war had killed more than 42,000 people. Apart from the above-mentioned explosives, the US forces dropped 20 million gallons (about 75.71 million liters) of defoliants in Vietnam during the war, directly causing more than 400,000 Vietnamese deaths. Another approximately two million Vietnamese who came into contact with this chemical got cancer and other diseases. This war that lasted for more than 10 years also caused more than three million refugees to flee and die in large numbers on the way across the ocean. Among the refugees that were surveyed, 92 percent were troubled by fatigue, and others suffered unexplained pregnancy losses and birth defects. According to the United States' Vietnam War statistics, defoliants destroyed about 20 percent of the jungles and 20 to 36 percent of the mangrove forests in Vietnam.

3. 海灣戰(zhàn)爭。1991年，以美國為首的盟軍出兵伊拉克，在對伊空襲中有2500至3500名平民死亡，9000座房屋被毀。戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后因為基礎(chǔ)設施的破壞和缺醫(yī)少糧，有約11.1萬名平民死亡。而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國兒童基金會的估計，戰(zhàn)爭和隨后的制裁導致約50萬名兒童死亡。戰(zhàn)爭中盟軍故意破壞伊拉克的基礎(chǔ)設施，導致其大多數(shù)發(fā)電站（92%的裝機容量）、煉油廠（80%的生產(chǎn)能力）、石化綜合體、電信中心（包括135個電話網(wǎng)）、橋梁（100多座）、高速公路、鐵路、廣播電視站、水泥廠以及生產(chǎn)鋁材、紡織品、電線和醫(yī)療用品的工廠被毀。海灣戰(zhàn)爭還導致了嚴重的環(huán)境污染，約有6000萬桶石油被傾倒入沙漠，污染了約4000萬噸土壤；有2400萬桶石油從油井溢出，形成了246個“湖泊”；人為點燃油井生成的煙霧和煙塵污染了953平方公里的土地。在海灣戰(zhàn)爭中，美軍還首次使用了貧鈾彈。

(3) The Gulf War. In 1991, the US-led coalition forces attacked Iraq, directly leading to about 2,500 to 3,500 civilian deaths and destroying approximately 9,000 civilian houses. The war-inflicted famine and damage to the local infrastructure and medical facilities caused about 111,000 civilian deaths, and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimated that the war and the post-war sanctions on Iraq caused the death of about 500,000 of the country's children. The coalition forces targeted Iraq's infrastructure and wantonly destroyed most of its power stations (accounting for 92 percent of the country's total installed generating capacity), refineries (accounting for 80 percent of the country's production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunication centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (numbering more than 100), highways, railways, radio and television stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, wires, and medical supplies. This war led to serious environmental pollution: about 60 million barrels of petroleum were dumped into the desert, polluting about 40 million metric tons of soil; about 24 million barrels of petroleum spilled out of oil wells, forming 246 oil lakes; and the smoke and dust generated by purposely ignited oil wells polluted 953 square kilometers of land. In addition, the US troops' depleted uranium (DU) weapons, which contain highly toxic and radioactive material, were also first used on the battlefield during this Gulf War against Iraq.

4. 科索沃戰(zhàn)爭。1999年3月，以美國為首的北約軍隊打著“避免人道主義災難”的旗號，公然繞過聯(lián)合國安理會，對南聯(lián)盟進行了78天的持續(xù)轟炸，造成2000多名無辜平民喪生，6000多人受傷，近100萬人流離失所，200多萬人失去生活來源。北約軍隊還有意識地針對南聯(lián)盟的基礎(chǔ)設施進行定點打擊以消除其抵抗決心。據(jù)塞爾維亞經(jīng)濟學家估計，轟炸造成的經(jīng)濟損失總額約為296億美元。轟炸造成大量橋梁、公路、鐵路以及25000戶家庭、176處文化古跡、69所學校、19家醫(yī)院和20個保健中心受損，150萬兒童無法上學。此外，北約軍隊至少使用了3.1萬枚貧鈾彈，導致該地區(qū)癌癥和白血病發(fā)病率激增，并對當?shù)睾驼麄€歐洲的生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生長期的災難性影響。

(4) The Kosovo War. In March 1999, NATO troops led by the United States blatantly set the UN Security Council aside and carried out a 78-day continuous bombing of Yugoslavia under the banner of "preventing humanitarian disasters", killing 2,000-plus innocent civilians, injuring more than 6,000, and uprooting nearly one million. During the war, more than two million Yugoslavians lost their sources of income, and about 1.5 million children could not go to school. NATO troops deliberately targeted the infrastructure of Yugoslavia in order to weaken the country's determination to resist. Economists of Serbia estimated that the total economic loss caused by the bombing was as much as 29.6 billion US dollars. Lots of bridges, roads, railways, and other buildings were destroyed during the bombing, affecting 25,000 households, 176 cultural relics, 69 schools, 19 hospitals, and 20 health centers. Apart from that, during this war, NATO troops used at least 31,000 DU bombs and shells, leading to a surge in cancer and leukemia cases in Yugoslavia and inflicting a long-term disastrous impact on the ecological environment of Yugoslavia and Europe.

5. 阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭。2001年10月，美國出兵阿富汗，在打擊基地組織和塔利班的同時，也造成了大量平民傷亡。由于缺乏權(quán)威的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，各方對于阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭中平民的傷亡數(shù)據(jù)沒有定論。一般認為，自美軍2001年10月7日進入阿富汗以來，當?shù)匾延?萬多名平民被美軍打死、炸死或因美軍帶來的戰(zhàn)亂死亡，受傷人數(shù)超過6萬，約1100萬人淪為難民。2014年美軍宣布撤離后，阿富汗依然處于動蕩中。《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站2019年7月30日報道，2019年上半年確定死于美軍炸彈的有363人，包括89名兒童。根據(jù)喀布爾大學學者的評估，阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭平均每天造成約6000萬美元經(jīng)濟損失、約250人傷亡。

(5) The Afghanistan War. In October 2001, the United States sent troops to Afghanistan. While combating al-Qaeda and the Taliban, it also caused a large number of unnecessary civilian casualties. Due to the lack of authoritative statistical data, there is no established opinion about the number of civilian casualties during the Afghanistan War, but it is generally agreed that since entering Afghanistan, the US troops caused the deaths of more than 30,000 civilians, injured more than 60,000 civilians, and created about 11 million refugees. After the US military announced its withdrawal in 2014, Afghanistan continued to be in turmoil. The website of The New York Times reported on July 30, 2019, that in the first half of 2019, there were 363 confirmed deaths due to the US bombs in Afghanistan, including 89 children. Scholars at Kabul University estimated that since its beginning, the Afghanistan War has caused about 250 casualties and the loss of 60 million US dollars per day.

6. 伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭。2003年，美國不顧國際社會的普遍反對，以莫須有的罪名侵入伊拉克，導致的平民死亡人數(shù)難以精確統(tǒng)計，據(jù)估計約為20萬至25萬人，其中美軍直接致死的超過16000人。此外，美軍還嚴重違反國際人道主義原則，制造了多起虐囚事件。美國2011年宣布從伊拉克撤軍后，當?shù)貞?zhàn)事和襲擊不斷。以美國為首的聯(lián)軍還在伊拉克大量使用了貧鈾彈、集束炸彈和白磷彈，且沒有采取任何措施來盡量減少對平民的傷害。據(jù)聯(lián)合國估計，如今伊拉克依然有約2500萬枚地雷和其他爆炸遺留物需要清除。目前美國仍遲遲未能完成從阿富汗和伊拉克撤軍的承諾。

(6) The Iraq War. In 2003, despite the general opposition of the international community, US troops still invaded Iraq on unfounded charges. It is hard to find precise statistics about the civilian casualties inflicted by the war, but the number is estimated to be around 200,000 to 250,000, including 16,000 civilian deaths directly caused by US forces. Apart from that, the occupying US forces have seriously violated international humanitarian principles and created multiple "prisoner abuse cases". After the US military announced its withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, local warfare and attacks in the country have continued. The US-led coalition forces have used a large number of DU bombs and shells, cluster bombs, and white phosphorus bombs in Iraq, and have not taken any measures to minimize the damage these bombs have inflicted upon civilians. According to the estimate of the United Nations, today in Iraq, there are still 25 million mines and other explosive remnants that need to be removed. The United States has not yet withdrawn all its troops from Afghanistan or Iraq for now.

7. 敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭。2017年以來，美國以“阻止敘利亞政府使用化學武器”為由，對敘展開空中打擊。2016年至2019年，敘利亞有記載死于戰(zhàn)亂的平民達33584人。其中，美國領(lǐng)導的聯(lián)軍轟炸直接致死3833人，有半數(shù)是婦女和兒童。美國公共電視網(wǎng)2018年11月9日報道，僅美軍對拉卡市發(fā)動的所謂“史上最精確的空襲”，就導致1600名平民被炸死。根據(jù)世界糧食計劃署2020年4月的調(diào)查，大約三分之一的敘利亞人沒有足夠的食物，87%的人沒有儲蓄。根據(jù)世界醫(yī)生組織的估算，敘利亞戰(zhàn)亂開始以來，有約1.5萬名醫(yī)生（約占該國醫(yī)生總量的一半）逃離出境，650萬人在國內(nèi)流離失所，500萬人作為難民外逃。

(7) The Syrian War. Since 2017, the United States has launched airstrikes on Syria under the pretext of "preventing the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government". From 2016 to 2019, the confirmed war-related civilian deaths amounted to 33,584 in Syria, and the number of Syrian civilians directly killed by the airstrikes reached 3,833, with half of them being women and children. The website of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) reported on November 9, 2018, that the so-called "most accurate air strike in history" launched by the United States on Raqqa killed 1,600 civilians. According to a survey conducted by the World Food Programme (WFP) in April 2020, about one-third of Syrians were faced with a food shortage crisis, and 87 percent of Syrians had no deposits in their accounts. Doctors of the World (Médecins du Monde/MdM) estimated that since the beginning of the Syrian War, about 15,000 Syrian doctors (about half of the country's total) had fled the country, 6.5 million Syrian people had run away from their homes, and about five million Syrian people had wandered homeless around the world.

此外，美國還以支持代理人戰(zhàn)爭、煽動國內(nèi)叛亂、暗殺、提供武器彈藥、培訓反政府武裝等直接或間接方式頻頻對其他國家進行干涉，給相關(guān)國家社會安定和民眾安全帶來嚴重傷害。由于大量此類事件屬美國政府暗中操弄，其造成的具體破壞后果難以統(tǒng)計。

Apart from being directly involved in wars, the United States has intervened directly or indirectly in other countries' affairs by supporting proxy wars, inciting anti-government insurgencies, carrying out assassinations, providing weapons and ammunition, and training anti-government armed forces, which have caused serious harm to the social stability and public security of the relevant countries. As such activities are great in number and most of them have not been made public, it is hard to collect specific data regarding them.

二、美國發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭的惡果

2. The Disastrous Consequences of Foreign Wars Launched by the United States

二戰(zhàn)以來，幾乎所有美國總統(tǒng)在任內(nèi)都曾發(fā)動或介入過對外戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)爭理由包括“阻止共產(chǎn)主義蔓延”、“維護正義”、“制止侵略”、“人道主義干預”、打擊恐怖主義、防止“大規(guī)模殺傷性武器”擴散、保護美國僑民安全，等等。其中，只有一次是針對美國本土直接遭受恐怖主義襲擊后所做出的反擊，其他都是在與美國切身利益沒有直接關(guān)聯(lián)的背景下主動對外動武的。即使這唯一的一次“正當防衛(wèi)”也明顯屬于防衛(wèi)過當：在“消除基地組織威脅”的旗號下，美軍本著“寧可錯殺、不可漏殺”的原則，在反恐戰(zhàn)爭中隨意擴大打擊范圍，造成大量當?shù)仄矫袼纻?；即便美軍聲稱使用了“相對精確”的無人機攻擊，濫殺無辜的現(xiàn)象仍屢屢發(fā)生。

Since the end of World War II, almost every US president has waged or intervened in foreign wars during their terms of office. The pretexts they used include: stopping the spread of communism, maintaining justice, stopping aggression, humanitarian intervention, combating terrorism, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), protecting the safety of overseas US citizens, etc. Among all these foreign wars, only one was waged as a counterattack in response to a direct terrorist attack on the United States; the others were waged in a situation where the vital interests of the United States were not directly affected. Unfortunately, even this singular "justifiable counterattack" was obviously an excessive display of defense. Under the banner of eliminating the threat of al-Qaeda, the US military wantonly expanded the scope of the attack in the anti-terrorism war in accordance with the principle "better to kill by mistake than to miss out by accident", resulting in a large number of civilian causalities in the war-affected areas, and despite using the relatively accurate drone strikes, the US military still did not succeed in reducing and mitigating the causalities of the innocent local people.

從美國對外動武所遵循的程序來看，有的是在操縱聯(lián)合國后通過安理會授權(quán)這一“合法渠道”來對外發(fā)起軍事打擊，但更多的是將安理會拋在一邊，不顧其他國家甚至盟友的反對，一意孤行對一個獨立的主權(quán)國家發(fā)起攻擊，甚至在連具有唯一法定宣戰(zhàn)權(quán)的美國國會都未批準的情況下就對外挑起戰(zhàn)爭。

As for the procedures followed by the United States to start aggressive wars against foreign countries, some were "legitimate procedures" that the United States managed to obtain by manipulating the UN into authorizing them through the Security Council; more often, the United States just set the Security Council aside and neglected the opposition of other countries, and even the opposition of its own allies, when willfully and arbitrarily launching an attack on an independent country. Some US foreign wars were initiated without the approval of the US Congress, which has the sole power to declare war for the country.

從后果來看，美國發(fā)動的對外戰(zhàn)爭，引發(fā)了各種各樣的地區(qū)和國際危機。

US foreign wars have triggered various regional and international crises.

——戰(zhàn)爭直接導致了當事國的人道主義災難，包括人員傷亡、設施破壞、生產(chǎn)停滯，尤其是造成大量無辜平民傷亡。在戰(zhàn)火蔓延到的區(qū)域，人們死于家里、市場中、道路上，死于炸彈、子彈、簡易爆炸裝置、無人機，死于美軍的空襲、政府軍的掃蕩、恐怖和極端組織的屠殺以及國內(nèi)的暴亂。根據(jù)美國布朗大學2018年11月發(fā)布的研究報告，在阿富汗、巴基斯坦、伊拉克、敘利亞和也門因戰(zhàn)亂致死的平民分別有43074人、23924人、184382－207156人、49591人、12000人，殉職的記者和媒體人員分別有67人、8人、277人、75人、31人，殉職的人道主義救援人員分別有424人、97人、63人、185人、38人。人員傷亡往往還會被美國政府輕描淡寫。美國“截擊”網(wǎng)站2018年11月19日報道，伊拉克平民的實際死亡人數(shù)遠超美國軍方正式報告的數(shù)字。

First of all, these wars have directly led to humanitarian disasters in the war-affected countries, such as personnel casualties, damage to facilities, production stagnation, and especially unnecessary civilian casualties. In the war-affected areas, people died in their homes, markets, and streets, they were killed by bombs, bullets, improvised explosive devices, and drones, and they lost their lives during airstrikes launched by US forces, raids launched by their government forces, terrorist and extremist massacres, and domestic riots. In November 2018, Brown University released a research study that showed that the number of civilian deaths during the wars in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen were 43,074; 23,924; 184,382 to 207,156; 49,591; and 12,000 respectively, the number of journalists and media personnel who died at their posts during these wars, were 67; 8; 277; 75; and 31 respectively, and the number of humanitarian relief workers who were killed at their posts during these wars were 424; 97; 63; 185; and 38 respectively. Such casualties are often understated by the US government. The Intercept website reported on November 19, 2018, that the actual civilian deaths in Iraq were far higher than the number officially released by the US military.

——戰(zhàn)爭帶來一系列復雜的社會問題，包括難民潮、社會動蕩、生態(tài)危機、心理創(chuàng)傷等。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，近年來美軍介入的幾場戰(zhàn)爭導致難民數(shù)量居高不下，如阿富汗有1100萬人，巴基斯坦有38萬人，伊拉克有325萬人，敘利亞有1259萬人。這些難民被迫遠離家園，阿富汗難民中約130萬人流落到巴基斯坦，約90萬人流落到伊朗；伊拉克、敘利亞難民中約350萬人流落到土耳其，約100萬人流落到伊朗。在阿富汗、伊拉克和巴基斯坦，由于缺醫(yī)少藥、營養(yǎng)不良和環(huán)境污染導致的人員死傷遠超因戰(zhàn)爭直接傷亡的人數(shù)。據(jù)估計，非戰(zhàn)爭直接原因致死者的數(shù)量是戰(zhàn)爭直接致死人數(shù)的4倍。伊拉克巴士拉每公斤土壤的鈾含量從1991年前的低于70貝克勒爾，暴升至2009年的10000貝克勒爾，在戰(zhàn)爭物資遺留地區(qū)更是高達36205貝克勒爾。英國《衛(wèi)報》網(wǎng)站2016年8月22日報道，伊拉克2010年有先天缺陷的嬰兒出生率高達30%，而正常情況下這一數(shù)據(jù)僅為2%至4%。

Second, US foreign wars brought about a series of complex social problems, such as refugee waves, social unrest, ecological crises, psychological traumas, etc. Statistics show that each of the several recent US foreign wars created a larger number of refugees, such as the 11 million Afghan refugees, the 380,000 Pakistani refugees, the 3.25 million Iraqi refugees, and the 12.59 million Syrian refugees; these refugees have been forced to flee from their homes, of which 1.3 million Afghan refugees have fled to Pakistan, 900,000 Afghan refugees arrived in Iran, 3.5 million Iraqi and Syrian refugees fled to Turkey, and one million Iraqi and Syrian refugees fled to Iran. In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan, the deaths and injuries caused by the lack of medical treatment, malnutrition, and environmental pollution have exceeded the casualties directly caused by the wars, with the former number being four times greater than the latter. The uranium content per kilogram of soil in Basra, Iraq, rose sharply from less than 70 becquerels before 1991 to 10,000 becquerels in 2009, and the number was as high as 36,205 becquerels in the areas polluted by war remnants. The website of the British newspaper The Guardian reported on August 22, 2016, that 30 percent of the babies born in Iraq in 2010 were born with some form of congenital anomaly, while this figure is around two to four percent under normal circumstances.

——美國發(fā)動的戰(zhàn)爭還產(chǎn)生了外溢效應，給未涉事國家造成傷害。例如，在越南戰(zhàn)爭中，美軍以阻斷“胡志明小道”為名，將戰(zhàn)火蔓延到臨近的柬埔寨和老撾等國，導致50萬名以上的無辜平民死傷，并遺留下大量未爆彈藥。在阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭中，美軍飛機和無人機在打擊恐怖分子時，時常將炸彈投向鄰近的巴基斯坦村寨傷及無辜，甚至迎新的婚車和巴基斯坦邊防軍士兵都未能幸免。在對南聯(lián)盟的持續(xù)空襲中，美軍還將中國大使館作為轟炸目標，導致3名中國記者死亡，十幾人受傷。

Third, US foreign wars have often produced spillover effects, causing harm to the countries that were not involved in the wars. For example, in the Vietnam War, the US military spread the fighting to neighboring countries such as Cambodia and Laos on the excuse of blocking the "Ho Chi Minh Trail" (a military supply route running from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam), resulting in more than 500,000 unnecessary civilian casualties and leaving a large number of war remnants in those countries, which are still explosive. When attacking terrorists in the Afghanistan War, the US aircraft and drones often dropped bombs on neighboring Pakistani villages, and even on wedding cars and Pakistani border guard soldiers. In an airstrike on Yugoslavia, the US forces even targeted the Chinese embassy, leading to the deaths of three Chinese journalists and the injuries of a dozen embassy personnel.

——美國自身也成為其對外發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭的犧牲品。根據(jù)美國退伍軍人事務部的統(tǒng)計，美軍在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭和越南戰(zhàn)爭中的身體受傷人員分別高達103284人和153303人。2001年至2005年，從伊拉克和阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭中返回的103788名退伍軍人中，約有三分之一被診斷出患有精神或心理疾病，56%的確診者患有一種以上的疾病。美國國會研究局的研究顯示，2008年至2016年，每年有超過6000名退伍軍人自殺。美軍給參加過朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭的老兵及其家庭的補償每年達28億美元，給參加過越南戰(zhàn)爭的老兵及其家庭的補償每年超過220億美元，為參加過阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭的退伍軍人支付的醫(yī)療和傷殘護理費已超過1700億美元?！渡虡I(yè)內(nèi)幕》網(wǎng)站2019年12月報道，阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)以來，估計有超過3800名美國平民承包商死亡，這遠遠超過政府統(tǒng)計數(shù)字，甚至超過美軍死亡人數(shù)。

Last but not least, even the United States itself has fallen victim to the foreign wars it has started. According to statistics from the US Department of Veterans Affairs, there were 103,284 US soldiers who suffered physical injuries during the Korean War, and the number reached 153,303 for the Vietnam War. Between 2001 and 2005, about one-third of the 103,788 veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were diagnosed with mental or psychological illness, and 56 percent of those diagnosed had more than one disease. A study by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), which works exclusively for the United States Congress, pointed out that more than 6,000 veterans committed suicide every year from 2008 to 2016. The amount of economic compensation offered by the US military to the Korean War veterans reaches 2.8 billion US dollars per year, and the amount given to the Vietnam War veterans and their families is more than 22 billion US dollars per year. The cost of medical and disability care for the Afghanistan War veterans has exceeded 170 billion US dollars. Business Insider, a US business and technology news website, reported in December 2019 that the Afghanistan war has led to the deaths of more than 3,800 US contractors, and this number far exceeds the relevant statistical result released by the US government and even the US military deaths in Afghanistan.

三、人道主義危機源于美國的霸權(quán)思維

3. The Major Cause of the Above-Mentioned Humanitarian Crises: The United States' Hegemonic Mentality

縱觀美國對外發(fā)動的多次侵略戰(zhàn)爭，可以看出其軍事行動導致人道主義危機的案例不在少數(shù)。在當前戰(zhàn)火未熄的阿富汗、伊拉克、敘利亞等國，“誤炸誤傷”頻頻發(fā)生，難民漂泊無處落腳，基礎(chǔ)設施千瘡百孔，國民生產(chǎn)停滯不前。美國在國外發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)爭，往往打著“人權(quán)高于主權(quán)”“人道主義干預”等旗號，為何最終演變?yōu)槿说乐髁x災難呢？

When reviewing the many aggressive wars launched by the United States, it can be seen that many of these military actions have led to humanitarian crises. In Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and other countries where wars are still ongoing, accidental bombings and injuries still frequently occur, and refugees have nowhere to stay. The infrastructure of these countries is crippled, and their national production is stagnant. The United States launched these foreign wars under the pretext of "humanitarian intervention" or "human rights overriding sovereignty", but why did these wars fought for humanitarian purposes turn into humanitarian disasters in the end?

美國《外交政策》雜志2011年4月曾總結(jié)出美國頻繁對外動武的五個原因，除了軍力優(yōu)勢導致其很難抵制住訴諸武力的誘惑、國內(nèi)制衡機制難以發(fā)揮有效作用等因素外，并未提及美國價值觀在其中發(fā)揮了什么作用。實際上，“維護人權(quán)”并非美國對外動武的明確驅(qū)動力，對外動武不過是美國達成自身目標的一種手段，雖然其中并不排斥道義感的驅(qū)使，但這并非充分或必要條件。只要認為需要，只要相信對自身有利，只要覺得力所能及，美國就會產(chǎn)生動武的沖動。而由此帶來的人道主義災難再可怕，也總是別人在承擔，不會影響美國達成其目標，也不會直接傷害美國人。選擇不計后果地動武，其背后透射出的是“美國優(yōu)先”、強者通吃的霸權(quán)心態(tài)，是“唯我獨尊、寧負天下”的單邊思維。

In April 2011, the US-based magazine Foreign Policy summarized five reasons for the frequent foreign wars waged by the United States, such as the military advantages of the United States making it hard to resist the temptation to resort to force, and the checks and balances mechanism within the United States failing to play an effective role, while excluding any reason related to the values of the United States. "To safeguard human rights" was not a clear driving force for US foreign wars and that waging foreign wars was only a means to an end, although such an act did not exclude a sense of morality. The United States may feel an impulse to start a foreign war as long as it is considered necessary, believed to be in its own favor, and within its ability, while a sense of morality is not a sufficient or necessary condition to initiate such a war; and as for the terrible humanitarian disasters caused by these foreign wars, they will be borne by others instead of directly harming US citizens and preventing the United States from reaching its goals. Choosing to use force irrespective of the consequences reveals the hegemonic aspirations of the United States, which propel the United States to prioritize itself, demonstrate its "winner-take-all" mentality, and expose its unilateralist ideas of dominating the world and wantonly doing injustice to other countries.

在口口聲聲尊崇“普世價值”的美國政客眼里，“天賦給他們的人權(quán)”是否也被同等地賦予了普天下其他的人呢？

US politicians claim that they respect "universal values", but do they agree that their own natural human rights are also natural for other people in the world?

既然美國國內(nèi)確立了所有族群一律平等的法律，那么在面對國外民眾時，美國是否真正認為他們也應享有同等的基本權(quán)益，還是僅僅因為他們手中沒有美國選票就無須顧忌？

The United States has formulated laws to ensure equality among all its ethnic groups within the country, but does it really believe that people of other countries should enjoy the same rights? Or, does it think that it can act wantonly in foreign countries just because the people there do not have a vote in US elections?

美國相信發(fā)生在其本土的針對平民的恐怖襲擊是卑劣的、應受懲罰的，難道發(fā)生在美國以外、由美軍實施、導致大量無辜平民死傷的殘暴事件就是可接受的、“必要的”犧牲嗎？

The United States believes that terrorist attacks targeting civilians within its territory are despicable and punishable, then what makes it accept that the incidents created by the US military in other countries, which have led to a large number of civilian deaths and injuries, are acceptable and even "necessary"?

在別人的國土上就“寧可錯殺、絕不漏殺”，肆意使用放射性武器，用有毒試劑摧毀所有植被，未辨明目標性質(zhì)就隨意開火，在實施這些行為時，美國價值觀中“不言而喻”的人權(quán)被賦予了誰呢？

When they adopt the principle "better to kill by mistake than to miss out by accident", when they arbitrarily use radioactive weapons and destroy all vegetation with toxic reagents, and when they open fire before clearly identifying the targets, do the US forces still respect the "natural" human rights treasured by the values of the United States? 

那些僅僅因為無力逃離交戰(zhàn)區(qū)域就隨時要承擔被當成恐怖分子射殺風險的平民，人權(quán)在哪里？那些出生時就因美軍的化學武器而致殘并將痛苦終生的孩童，人權(quán)在哪里？那些為躲避美軍的戰(zhàn)火流落他鄉(xiāng)卻無處落腳的難民，人權(quán)在哪里？

The civilians who were unable to flee their war-affected areas and were treated as terrorists and shot at randomly did not have any human rights. The children who have been disabled at birth by the chemical weapons of the US forces and will suffer for the rest of their lives do not have any human rights. The refugees who have been forced to flee their homes and become homeless in other countries because of the US foreign wars do not have any human rights.

歸根結(jié)底，動輒以單邊戰(zhàn)爭手段來解決爭端的思維模式，本身就存在問題。人道主義與霸權(quán)主義存在內(nèi)在的對立，期待霸權(quán)主義國家去捍衛(wèi)他國人權(quán)無異于與虎謀皮。國際爭端的解決要靠在聯(lián)合國框架下的平等協(xié)商，要靠規(guī)范完善的國際機制來協(xié)調(diào)，要靠構(gòu)建人類命運共同體來推進。只有丟棄私利至上的霸權(quán)思維，才能避免“人道主義干預”變成人道主義災難，才能實現(xiàn)互利共贏，才能使各國人民都能真正享有各項基本人權(quán)。

In the final analysis, the mindset of solving disputes by taking unilateral military actions is questionable. Given the inherent antagonism between humanitarianism and hegemony, it is ridiculous to expect a hegemonic country to defend the human rights of other countries. International disputes shall be settled through equal consultations within the framework of the United Nations. Coordinated efforts shall be actualized by regulating and improving international mechanisms and by establishing a community with a shared future for mankind. Only by discarding the hegemonic thinking, which is chiefly motivated by self-interest, can we prevent "humanitarian intervention" from becoming humanitarian disasters. Only in this way can we achieve mutual benefits and win-win results and can all the people across the globe truly enjoy natural human rights.

附：

Appendix:

1、二戰(zhàn)以來美國主要對外侵略戰(zhàn)爭造成平民傷亡等情況一覽表

1. List of Civilian Casualties, Refugees, and Economic Losses Caused by Major Wars of Aggression Waged by the United States after the End of World War II

朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭：平民死亡300萬人，難民300萬人；

The Korean War: about 3 million civilian deaths and 3 million refugees;

越南戰(zhàn)爭：平民死亡200萬人，難民300萬人，落葉劑受害者300萬人；

The Vietnam War: about 2 million civilian deaths, 3 million refugees, and 3 million victims of defoliants;

空襲利比亞：軍民死亡700人；

The Airstrike on Libya: about 700 military and civilian deaths;

入侵巴拿馬：平民死亡302人，受傷3000人；

Invasion of Panama: about 302 civilian deaths and 3,000 civilian injuries;

出兵索馬里：平民死亡200人，受傷300人；

The Armed Intervention in Somalia: about 200 civilian deaths and 300 civilian injuries;

海灣戰(zhàn)爭：戰(zhàn)爭致死平民12萬人，制裁致死200萬人，經(jīng)濟損失6000億美元；

The Gulf War: about 120,000 war-related civilian deaths and 2 million sanction-related civilian deaths, and economic losses amounting to 600 billion US dollars;

科索沃戰(zhàn)爭：戰(zhàn)爭致死2000多人，致傷6000人，經(jīng)濟損失2000億美元；

The Kosovo War: more than 2,000 deaths and 6,000 injuries, and economic losses amounting to 200 billion US dollars;

阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭：平民死亡超過3萬人，受傷7萬人，難民1100萬人；

The Afghanistan War: more than 30,000 civilian deaths, 70,000 civilian injuries, and 11 million refugees;

伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭：平民死亡20萬至25萬人，難民325萬人；

The Iraq War: about 200,000–250,000 civilian deaths and 3.25 million refugees;

敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭：平民死亡超過4萬人，1259萬人逃離家園。

The Syrian War: more than 40,000 civilian deaths and 12.59 million refugees.

2、二戰(zhàn)以來美國侵略戰(zhàn)爭和對外干涉一覽表

2. List of Wars of Aggression Waged by the United States and the US Interventions in Foreign Countries after the End of World War II

1947－1949：干涉希臘內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1947–1949: intervening in the Greek civil war

1947－1970：干涉意大利選舉，支持反共力量

1947–1970: intervening in Italy's elections and supporting anti-communism activities

1948：在哥斯達黎加內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中支持反政府武裝

1948: supporting the anti-government forces in Costa Rica's civil war

1949－1953：支持阿爾巴尼亞反共活動

1949–1953: supporting anti-communism activities in Albania

1949：干涉敘利亞政府更迭

1949: intervening in the government change in Syria

1950－1953：發(fā)動朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭

1950–1953: waging the Korean War

1952：干涉埃及革命

1952: intervening in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952

1953：支持伊朗政變推翻政府

1953: supporting a coup in Iran to overthrow the then Iranian government

1954：支持危地馬拉政府更迭

1954: supporting the change of the then Guatemalan government

1956－1957：密謀敘利亞政變

1956–1957: plotting a coup in Syria

1957－1959：支持印度尼西亞政變

1957–1959: supporting a coup in Indonesia

1958：制造黎巴嫩危機

1958: creating a crisis in Lebanon

1960－1961：支持剛果政變

1960–1961: supporting a coup in the Congo

1960：阻止老撾政府改革

1960: stopping the government of Laos from starting a reform

1961：支持入侵古巴的豬灣行動

1961: supporting the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba

1961－1975：支持老撾內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和鴉片貿(mào)易

1961–1975: supporting civil war and opium trade in Laos

1961－1964：支持巴西的反政府活動

1961–1964: supporting anti-government activities in Brazil

1963：支持伊拉克內(nèi)亂

1963: supporting civil strife in Iraq

1963：支持厄瓜多爾叛亂

1963: supporting riots in Ecuador

1963－1975：參加越南戰(zhàn)爭

1963–1975: fighting the Vietnam War

1964：干涉剛果辛巴叛亂

1964: intervening in the Simba rebellion in the Congo

1965－1966：干涉多米尼加內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1965–1966: intervening in Dominica's civil war

1965－1967：支持印度尼西亞軍政府對共產(chǎn)黨人的大屠殺

1965–1967: supporting the Indonesian military government's massacre of communists

1966：支持加納國內(nèi)叛亂

1966: supporting an insurgency in Ghana

1966－1969：在朝鮮非軍事區(qū)制造沖突

1966–1969: creating conflicts in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which is a region on the Korean peninsula that demarcates North Korea from South Korea

1966－1967：支持玻利維亞叛亂

1966–1967: supporting an insurgency in Bolivia

1967：干涉希臘政府更迭

1967: intervening in the change of the Greek government

1967－1975：干涉柬埔寨內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1967–1975: intervening in Cambodia's civil war

1970：干涉阿曼內(nèi)政

1970: intervening in Oman's domestic affairs

1970－1973：支持智利軍事政變

1970–1973: supporting a military coup in Chile

1970－1973：支持柬埔寨政變

1970–1973: supporting a coup in Cambodia

1971：支持玻利維亞政變

1971: supporting a coup in Bolivia

1972－1975：援助伊拉克反政府武裝

1972–1975: offering assistance to anti-government forces in Iraq

1976：支持阿根廷政變

1976: supporting a coup in Argentina

1976－1992：干涉安哥拉內(nèi)政

1976–1992: intervening in Angola's domestic affairs

1977－1988：支持巴基斯坦政變

1977–1988: supporting a coup in Pakistan

1979－1993：支持柬埔寨反政府武裝

1979–1993: supporting anti-government forces in Cambodia

1979－1989：干涉阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭

1979–1989: intervening in the war in Afghanistan

1980－1989：資助波蘭團結(jié)工會反對政府

1980–1989: financing the anti-government Solidarity trade union in Poland

1980－1992：干涉薩爾瓦多內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1980–1992: intervening in El Salvador's civil war

1981：在錫德拉灣與利比亞對抗

1981: confronting Libya in Gulf of Sidra

1981－1982：推動乍得政府更迭

1981–1982: pushing the change of the then Chadian government

1982－1984：參與多邊干涉黎巴嫩

1982–1984: participating in a multilateral intervention in Lebanon

1982－1989：支持尼加拉瓜反政府武裝

1982–1989: supporting anti-government forces in Nicaragua

1983：入侵格林納達

1983: invading Grenada

1986：侵入利比亞錫德拉灣

1986: invading Gulf of Sidra, Libya

1986：轟炸利比亞

1986: bombing Libya

1988：擊落伊朗民航客機

1988: shooting down an Iranian airliner

1988：出兵洪都拉斯

1988: sending troops to Honduras

1989：與利比亞在托布魯克對峙

1989: confronting Libya in Tobruk

1989：干涉菲律賓內(nèi)政

1989: intervening in the Philippines' domestic affairs

1989－1990：入侵巴拿馬

1989–1990: invading Panama

1990－1991：發(fā)動海灣戰(zhàn)爭

1990–1991: waging the Gulf War

1991：干涉海地選舉

1991: intervening in Haiti's elections

1991－2003：主導伊拉克禁飛區(qū)強制行動

1991–2003: leading the enforcement action to establish a no-fly zone in Iraq

1992－1995：首次干涉索馬里內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1992–1995: intervening in Somalia's civil war for the first time

1992－1995：干涉波斯尼亞戰(zhàn)爭

1992–1995: intervening in the Bosnian War

1994－1995：出兵海地

1994–1995: sending troops to Haiti

1996：支持伊拉克政變

1996: supporting a coup in Iraq

1997：出兵阿爾巴尼亞

1997: sending troops to Albania

1997：出兵塞拉利昂

1997: sending troops to Sierra Leone

1998－1999：發(fā)動科索沃戰(zhàn)爭

1998–1999: waging the Kosovo War

1998：用巡航導彈攻擊蘇丹和阿富汗

1998: launching cruise missile attacks on Sudan and Afghanistan

1998－1999：出兵肯尼亞和坦桑尼亞

1998–1999: sending troops to Kenya and Tanzania

2001－現(xiàn)在：發(fā)動阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭

2001–present: waging the Afghanistan War

2002：出兵科特迪瓦

2002: sending troops to C?te d'Ivoire

2003－2011：發(fā)動伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭

2003–2011: waging the Iraq War

2004－現(xiàn)在：發(fā)動巴基斯坦與阿富汗接壤地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)爭

2004–now: inciting wars between Pakistan and Afghanistan in their contiguous areas

2006－2007：支持巴勒斯坦法塔赫推翻民選政府哈馬斯的行動

2006–2007: supporting Fatah, a Palestinian political and military organization, in overthrowing the elected government of Hamas

2007－現(xiàn)在：第二次干涉索馬里內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

2007–present: intervening in Somalia's civil war for the second time

2009：支持洪都拉斯政變

2009: supporting a coup in Honduras

2011：支持利比亞反政府武裝

2011: supporting anti-government forces in Libya

2011－2017：開展在烏干達的軍事行動

2011–2017: carrying out military operations in Uganda

2014－現(xiàn)在：美國領(lǐng)導的伊拉克干涉行動

2014–present: leading the intervention actions in Iraq

2014－現(xiàn)在：美國領(lǐng)導的敘利亞干涉行動

2014–present: leading the intervention actions in Syria

2015－現(xiàn)在：支持沙特參與也門內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

2015–now: supporting Saudi Arabia's participation in Yemen's civil war

2019：支持委內(nèi)瑞拉政府更迭

2019: supporting the change of the Venezuelan government

（來源：新華網(wǎng)）

(Source: Xinhua)