作者:王曉輝
成語是語言中定型的語匯,經(jīng)過千百年披沙揀金,凝練而成。很多成語源自古代典籍和故事,是文化中的“活化石”;還有很多成語是老百姓日常用語,淺顯易懂,卻富于哲理。但在翻譯過程中,成語又成了譯者的難關(guān),甚至是“絆腳石”。譯得好,能使原文與譯文相得益彰;譯不好,就像是貼上去的補丁,與原文格格不入。
《紅樓夢》中有3000多個成語,這些成語在曹雪芹筆下,撒豆成兵,熠熠生輝,那么,翻譯家們又是怎么處理的呢?
我們先來看兩個背后有典故的成語:得隴望蜀和助紂為虐。
得隴望蜀,語出《后漢書》:“人苦不知足,既平隴,復(fù)望蜀”?!都t樓夢》第48回,香菱要寶釵教她作詩,寶釵笑道:“我說你‘得隴望蜀’呢。我勸你且緩一緩?!?/p>
漢英詞典上對“得隴望蜀”常見的解釋是:covet Sichuan after capturing Gansu -- have insatiable desires; give him an inch and he'll ask for a mile; avarice knows no bound。字典給出的譯法,當(dāng)然是百分百的正確,但如果照搬到寶釵的話里,就不那么合適了。直譯covet Sichuan after capturing Gansu最不可取,外國讀者既不知道《后漢書》中的典故,也不知道“隴”和“蜀”究竟是個啥;avarice knows no bound語氣又過于重了,avarice在英語中貶義明顯,而寶釵只是與香菱開玩笑而已,并非真正說她貪婪。give him an inch and he'll ask for a mile語氣恰當(dāng),但需要調(diào)整修改才能放到情境當(dāng)中。
霍克斯教授的譯文:You're like the famous general: 'one conquest breeds appetite for another'. I advise you to take things more gently.
楊憲益先生的譯文:"The more you get, the more you want!" chuckled Pao-chai.
霍、楊兩位先生的翻譯都跳出了原文成語的圈子,楊憲益的翻譯意思準確,直截了當(dāng),外國讀者一看就懂;霍克斯教授的譯法最接近原文,只是沒有說出“隴”和“蜀”而已。“得隴望蜀”是東漢皇帝劉秀對他的一個將軍岑彭講的話,所以霍克斯在譯文中加上了“You're like the famous general:”, 既保證了句子的完整,又使general(將軍)與后面的conquest(征服)遙相呼應(yīng),渾然一體。
助紂為虐,出自司馬遷的《史記·留侯世家》:“今始入秦,即安其樂,此所謂助紂為虐?!?曹雪芹在《紅樓夢》第9回把這個成語用在了賈瑞身上:“附助著薛蟠圖些銀錢酒肉,一任薛蟠橫行霸道,他不但不去管約,反助紂為虐討好兒”。
楊憲益先生的翻譯:In return for money and good meals from Hsueh Pan, he had not checked his disgraceful behavior but actually abetted him in order to curry favor.
霍克斯教授的譯文:In return for money, drinks, and dinners, he had lately given Xue Pan a free hand in his nefarious activities -- had, indeed, not only remained from interfering with him, but even "aided the tyrant in his tyranny".
楊先生還是一貫的簡潔明了,將原文的意思準確地呈現(xiàn)給讀者;霍克斯還是一貫的滴水不漏,將整句話逐字譯出。用“aided the tyrant in his tyranny”來翻譯“助紂為虐”,不僅讀起來抑揚頓挫,意思上也與原文十分接近。tyrant(暴君)對應(yīng)“紂”,tyranny(暴行)對應(yīng)“虐”,恰到好處。
《紅樓夢》中還有很多與佛教有關(guān)的成語,如“醍醐灌頂”、“一子出家,七祖升天”等。第63回,妙玉自稱為“檻外之人”,寶玉不懂,后經(jīng)邢岫煙解釋,他才明白。原文:寶玉聽了,如醍醐灌頂,“哎呦”了一聲,方笑道:“怪道我們家廟說是‘鐵檻寺’呢!原來有此一說?!?/p>
醍醐灌頂意思是灌輸智慧,就好似將醍醐(乳酪)從人的頭上灌下去一樣,令人豁然開朗。《敦煌變文集·維摩詰經(jīng)講經(jīng)文》:“令問維摩,聞名之如露入心,共語似醍醐灌頂?!?/p>
楊憲益先生的譯文:Pao-yu felt as if Buddha had suddenly shown him the light. "Aiya!" he exclaimed. "No wonder our family temple is called Iron Threshold Temple. So that's the origin of the name."
霍克斯教授的譯文:The scriptures tell us that the revelation of the Buddha-truth comes "like ghee poured upon the head", Bao-yu must have had some such feeling as he listened to Xiu-yan, for he first of all gave a gasp of discovery and then laughed out loud.
"I see! That is why our family temple is called the 'Temple of the Iron Threshold'!"
楊憲益先生的譯文清晰明快,“醍醐灌頂”的翻譯更是精彩。一般字典上都將“醍醐灌頂”翻譯成be filled with wisdom, be enlightened,這樣翻譯意思是對了,但是沒有體現(xiàn)出原文的佛教色彩。而楊先生的譯文,Pao-yu felt as if Buddha had suddenly shown him the light,用suddenly強調(diào)頓悟,用show the light比喻靈光乍現(xiàn),用Buddha還原了原文的佛教色彩。
霍克斯教授也采用了意譯+直譯的方式,同時,還細致入微地將“醍醐灌頂”的字面意思也翻譯出來了——like ghee poured upon the head。問題是這樣面面俱到的翻譯,把譯文句子拉得很長,而且,外國讀者能否理解“酥乳澆在頭上”的象征意義也值得商榷。
第117回,寶玉要隨癩頭和尚出家,王夫人和寶釵等眾人苦勸,寶玉說了這樣一句話:“你們不知道,‘一子出家,七祖升天’呢。”
霍克斯教授的譯文:
Haven't you heard the saying: "When one son becomes a monk, the souls of seven generations of ancestors go to Heaven"?
楊憲益先生的譯文:
Don't you know the saying, 'When one son renounces the world, seven of his ancestors will go to heaven'?
“出家”、“遁世”、“當(dāng)和尚”,原本是一回事兒,所以,霍克斯將“出家”譯為become a monk,楊先生則譯為renounce the world。對于“七祖升天”,兩位大家的理解是不一樣的。霍克斯認為是“七代祖先的靈魂升天(the souls of seven generations of ancestors go to Heaven)”, 而楊先生則認為是“七個祖先要升天(seven of his ancestors will go to heaven)”。當(dāng)然,這已經(jīng)不是翻譯的問題,而是一個升天名額的問題了。
《紅樓夢》中出現(xiàn)了大量接地氣的成語,文意雖淺,但道理深刻。正是這些鮮活的語言賦予了《紅樓夢》強大的生命力。
《紅樓夢》第81回,迎春所嫁非人,寶玉心中郁悶,王夫人開導(dǎo)他說:“你難道沒聽見人說‘嫁雞隨雞,嫁狗隨狗’,哪里個個都像你大姐姐作娘娘呢?!?/p>
“嫁雞隨雞,嫁狗隨狗”,這個成語的出處就是《紅樓夢》,但在曹雪芹、高鶚之前,類似的話在民間恐怕已經(jīng)說了一千年了。杜甫《新婚別》:“父母養(yǎng)我時,日夜令我藏。生女有所歸,雞狗亦得將?!薄半u狗亦得將”是詩人的語言,換做老百姓口中,恐怕就會變成“嫁雞隨雞,嫁狗隨狗”了。
楊憲益先生的譯文:
Surely you know the saying, 'Marry a cock and follow the cock; marry a dog and follow the dog'? How can every girl be like your eldest sister, chosen as an Imperial Consort?
閔福德教授的譯文:
You must know the old rhyme:
When rooster crows at break of day,
All his hen-folk must obey.
No choice for a dog's wife
But to make the best of a dog's life.
楊憲益先生和閔福德教授走的是截然不同的路子。楊先生的譯文就是老百姓的大白話,直來直去,倒譯回去還是“嫁了一只雞,就跟著雞;嫁了一只狗,就跟著狗”??梢哉f,與原文的形、意、神,甚至節(jié)奏,都完全吻合。
本來是老百姓口中的一句順口溜,卻被閔福德翻譯成了一首頗為典雅的英詩,而且還是雙韻史詩體,難免讓讀者產(chǎn)生一種“殺雞用牛刀”的感覺?!凹揠u隨雞,嫁狗隨狗”只有8個字,閔福德的譯文卻用了27個單詞,顯得有些冗長。如果倒譯回去,就更有意思了:天亮?xí)r公雞一叫,所有的母雞們都要聽它的召喚;狗的妻子沒有別的選擇,只有盡心盡力過狗的生活。
《紅樓夢》第65回,小廝興兒對王熙鳳的評價:“嘴甜心苦,兩面三刀”,“上頭笑著,腳底下就使絆子”,“明是一盆火,暗是一把刀”:她都占全了。一句話里用了幾個意思相近的成語來描述王熙鳳,可見王熙鳳是個多么厲害的角色。后來,“王熙鳳”這三個字,差不多就成了表里不一、心狠手辣的代名詞。
楊憲益先生的譯文:
She'll give you sweet talk when there's hatred in her heart, she's so double-faced and tricky. All the time she's smiling she tries to trip you up, making a show of great warmth while she stabs you in the back. That's the way she is.
霍克斯教授的譯文:
She's "soft of tongue and hard of heart," "two faces and three knives," she'll "give you a smile and trip you up the while", she's "a welcoming fire when you see her, but a stab in the back when it's dark" -- all those things and more...
霍克斯和楊憲益先生的譯文十分接近,連所用的詞匯都差不多。所不同的是楊先生將三個成語分拆成三個句子,而霍克斯則保留了三個成語的獨立形態(tài),用一個句子貫穿起來。漢語中“兩面三刀”的字面意思有些模糊,“兩面”好理解,“三刀”究竟是什么意思?楊先生將其譯為she's so double-faced and tricky,外國讀者是很容易理解的;霍克斯教授將其直譯為two faces and three knives,外國讀者根據(jù)上下文也能明白,不過,他們也許會有疑惑,Why three knives? Why not four or five?
成語是語言的精粹,也是文化的活化石,楊憲益、戴乃迭、霍克斯、閔福德四位翻譯家,將3000多個漢語成語巧妙轉(zhuǎn)換,與英文無縫對接,其中很多譯文堪稱經(jīng)典,值得我們反復(fù)體味和鉆研。