《中國(guó)的核應(yīng)急》白皮書
White Paper: China's Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 七、核應(yīng)急科技創(chuàng)新 | VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 中國(guó)制定國(guó)家核應(yīng)急工作規(guī)劃，明確核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域科技創(chuàng)新目標(biāo)要求、體制機(jī)制、人才建設(shè)、主要任務(wù)、保障措施等，取得一批科技創(chuàng)新成果，部分成果達(dá)到國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。 | China has worked out a national plan for nuclear emergency preparedness work, which has clearly defined the targets, mechanism, training of professionals, main tasks and safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. New achievements have been made, and some of them have even reached the international advanced level. |
| 核事故后果評(píng)價(jià)與決策支持系統(tǒng)開發(fā)。堅(jiān)持技術(shù)引進(jìn)與自主創(chuàng)新相結(jié)合，中國(guó)有關(guān)院校和科研院所，在事故源項(xiàng)估算、風(fēng)場(chǎng)診斷與預(yù)報(bào)、氣載放射性擴(kuò)散、水體放射性擴(kuò)散、核輻射醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急分類及救援、放射性劑量估算等技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得成果，為國(guó)家核應(yīng)急決策提供了技術(shù)支持。 | Development of nuclear accident consequence evaluation and decision-making support system. By insisting on the combination of technology introduction and self-reliant innovations, China's relevant universities and R&D institutes have made achievements in such technological areas as accident source term estimation, wind field diagnosis and forecast, airborne radioactive material dispersion, radioactive material dispersion in water bodies, nuclear radiation medicine emergency classification and treatment, radioactive dose estimation, etc., which have provided technical support for the state in decision making related to national nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核應(yīng)急基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)研究。開展“華龍一號(hào)”反應(yīng)堆、AP1000反應(yīng)堆（美國(guó)先進(jìn)壓水堆）、EPR反應(yīng)堆（歐洲壓水堆）、高溫氣冷堆、快堆等三代、四代核電技術(shù)反應(yīng)堆核應(yīng)急技術(shù)與管理研究。針對(duì)多機(jī)組同時(shí)出現(xiàn)共模事故、內(nèi)陸核電站嚴(yán)重事故源項(xiàng)分析、跨地區(qū)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備、核燃料循環(huán)設(shè)施應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備、核與輻射恐怖襲擊事件應(yīng)急處置等重大課題，持續(xù)開展研究，取得一批成果，促進(jìn)了中國(guó)核應(yīng)急基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)水平的整體增強(qiáng)。 | Basic research in nuclear emergency preparedness. Research in nuclear emergency preparedness technologies and management for third and fourth generation of nuclear power technologies, such as HPR1000, AP1000 (US Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor), EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors and fast reactors has been carried out. Studies are continuing on important subjects such as simultaneous common-mode failure for multiple units, severe accident source term analysis for inland nuclear power plants, inter-regional nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear fuel cycle facility emergency preparedness and emergency response to nuclear and radiological terrorist attacks, and some achievements have been made, uplifting as a whole the level of China's basic technologies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness. |
| 核應(yīng)急專用裝備研發(fā)。重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)核應(yīng)急輻射監(jiān)測(cè)、輻射防護(hù)、醫(yī)學(xué)救援、去污洗消等裝備研發(fā)和系統(tǒng)集成。自主研制車（船）載巡測(cè)設(shè)備、航空輻射監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)、輻射監(jiān)測(cè)與事故響應(yīng)機(jī)器人等裝備設(shè)備，以及車（船）載核應(yīng)急指揮系統(tǒng)、核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)分類及監(jiān)測(cè)平臺(tái)、醫(yī)療支援系統(tǒng)等，并已裝備各級(jí)核應(yīng)急救援隊(duì)。中國(guó)海關(guān)使用的門戶式輻射探測(cè)設(shè)備全部由國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)自主研發(fā)制造。 | Research and development of nuclear emergency special equipment. Priority is given to the R&D (research and development) and SI (system integration) of equipment for nuclear emergency radiation monitoring, radiation protection, medical treatment and decontamination. Independently developed equipment includes vehicle (vessel)-mounted detection equipment, aviation radiation monitoring system, radiation monitoring and accident response robots and vehicle (vessel)-mounted nuclear emergency command system, and nuclear emergency medical assorting and monitoring platform and medical support system. Each level of nuclear emergency rescue team is equipped with such equipment and systems. All gate-frame walk-through radiation detectors used by China Customs are developed by domestic enterprises. |
| 核應(yīng)急信息化技術(shù)研究。開展核應(yīng)急數(shù)據(jù)采集和傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究，建立健全全國(guó)核應(yīng)急資源管理系統(tǒng)。研發(fā)核應(yīng)急指揮信息化系統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)新核應(yīng)急預(yù)案模塊化、響應(yīng)流程智能化、組織指揮可視化、輔助決策科學(xué)化等技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)日常管理與應(yīng)急響應(yīng)一體化，提高了核應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力和組織指揮效率。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness information technology. Studies on the standardization of nuclear emergency preparedness data collection and transfer have been conducted, and a nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness resources management system has been established and efforts are constantly made to improve it. Development of a nuclear emergency preparedness information system, innovative modularization of nuclear emergency preparedness plan, automation of response process, visualization of organization and command and auxiliary scientific decision-making have led to the integration of routine management with emergency response, which has also helped enhance nuclear emergency preparedness response capabilities and organizational efficiency. |
| 核應(yīng)急醫(yī)療救治技術(shù)研究。開展急性放射損傷診治等技術(shù)研究，制定急性放射損傷診斷與治療方案和救治指南。開展核輻射突發(fā)事件醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究及其推廣應(yīng)用研究，研制適用于廣大人群的核輻射事故生物劑量快速估算方法，優(yōu)化重度、極重度急性骨髓型放射病患者的非清髓造血干細(xì)胞、間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞（MSC）聯(lián)合移植救治模式，在放射病治療中實(shí)現(xiàn)多項(xiàng)突破，以最大程度減少核輻射事故引起的人員傷亡。持續(xù)開展系統(tǒng)的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療核輻射損傷的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究，創(chuàng)建了MSC聯(lián)合造血干細(xì)胞治療重度放射病的治療新方案，其研究成果“成體干細(xì)胞救治放射損傷新技術(shù)的建立與應(yīng)用”項(xiàng)目獲得該領(lǐng)域首個(gè)國(guó)家科技進(jìn)步一等獎(jiǎng)。軍隊(duì)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)研究創(chuàng)建了“三級(jí)處置、四級(jí)救治”體系化核應(yīng)急醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急救援能力建設(shè)模式。 | Research in nuclear emergency preparedness medical treatment technology. Research on the technology of diagnosis and treatment for acute radiation injuries has been carried out, and guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and rescue for acute radiation injuries have been developed. Key technical and promotional application research in unexpected nuclear radiation events has resulted in the development of methods for rapid biological dose assessment for nuclear radiation accidents applicable for the general public, which has helped optimize non-myeloablative stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined transplantation treatment for severe and extremely severe bone marrow acute radiation patients. A number of breakthroughs in the treatment of radiation diseases have been achieved, leading to a reduction of casualties of nuclear radiation accidents to the maximum extent. With primary and clinical research on the treatment of radiation injuries by use of mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapy using transplantation of combined MSC and hematopoietic stem cells for severe radiation sickness has been created. The research achievement "Establishment and Application to Treat Radiation Diseases by Using Somatic Stem Cells" won a first prize for national science and technology improvement. A "three-level handling and four-level treatment" systemized nuclear emergency medical rescue capabilities development model has been developed by China's military medical research organizations. |
| 公眾風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通和心理援助研究。開展核突發(fā)事件（事故）情況下大范圍公眾群體危機(jī)心理援助技術(shù)研究，構(gòu)建相關(guān)心理干預(yù)模型，提出應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)施指南。針對(duì)核輻射特點(diǎn)，研究編制核事故公眾防護(hù)問與答、核與輻射事故醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)急等面向社會(huì)公眾的應(yīng)用叢書。 | Research in public risk communication and psychological assistance. Research in mass psychological assistance techniques under circumstances of unexpected event (accident) has been conducted, and relevant psychological intervention models have been established, and countermeasures, criteria and implementation guidelines have been proposed. In view of the characteristics of nuclear radiation, Q&A publications in relation to nuclear accident protection and applied books on medical countermeasures in case of nuclear and radiological accidents geared toward the public have been compiled. |
| 核應(yīng)急環(huán)境氣象創(chuàng)新性研究。持續(xù)研發(fā)并建設(shè)完善中國(guó)氣象環(huán)境應(yīng)急響應(yīng)數(shù)值預(yù)報(bào)業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)。通過技術(shù)引進(jìn)和自主研發(fā)，改進(jìn)升級(jí)核及危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品泄漏氣象服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，完成大氣擴(kuò)散模式的精細(xì)化改進(jìn)，全球模式分辨率由原來(lái)的85千米左右提高到30千米，中尺度區(qū)域模式分辨率由15千米提高到10千米，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)污染物擴(kuò)散更加精細(xì)化模擬和預(yù)報(bào)。 | Innovative research in nuclear emergency environmental meteorology. A numerical prediction system of China's meteorological environmental emergency response is being developed and improved. Following the upgrading of the meteorological service system for nuclear and hazardous chemicals leakage and improvement of atmospheric dispersion modeling by way of technology import and self-reliant R&D, the global mode resolution has been enhanced to 30km from about 85km, and medium-scale model resolution has been enhanced to 10km from 15km, realizing a more detailed and precise simulation and prediction of pollutant dispersion. |
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