《中國(guó)的核應(yīng)急》白皮書
White Paper: China's Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
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| 一、核能發(fā)展與核應(yīng)急基本形勢(shì) | I. Current Situation of Nuclear Energy Development and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness |
| 20世紀(jì)50年代中期，中國(guó)創(chuàng)建核工業(yè)。60多年來(lái)，中國(guó)致力于和平利用核能事業(yè)，發(fā)展推動(dòng)核技術(shù)在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)、環(huán)境、能源等領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用。特別是改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)核能事業(yè)得到更大發(fā)展。 | It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked on its nuclear industry. Over the past more than six decades China has made constant endeavors in the peaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting the extensive application of nuclear technologies to such areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, the environment and energy. In particular, since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China's nuclear energy sector has seen particularly rapid development. |
| 發(fā)展核電是中國(guó)核能事業(yè)的重要組成部分。核電是一種清潔、高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)的現(xiàn)代能源。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持發(fā)展與安全并重原則，執(zhí)行安全高效發(fā)展核電政策，采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展核電。1985年3月，中國(guó)大陸第一座核電站——秦山核電站破土動(dòng)工。截至2015年10月底，中國(guó)大陸運(yùn)行核電機(jī)組27臺(tái)，總裝機(jī)容量2550萬(wàn)千瓦；在建核電機(jī)組25臺(tái)，總裝機(jī)容量2751萬(wàn)千瓦。中國(guó)開發(fā)出具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的大型先進(jìn)壓水堆、高溫氣冷堆核電技術(shù)?！叭A龍一號(hào)”核電技術(shù)示范工程投入建設(shè)。中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)快堆實(shí)現(xiàn)滿功率穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行72小時(shí)，標(biāo)志著已經(jīng)掌握快堆關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。 | The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component of China's nuclear energy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. China has consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and implemented the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner by adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985 construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainland of China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating units had been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nuclear generating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction. China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectual property rights. Construction of the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced. The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours, signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors. |
| 伴隨著核能事業(yè)的發(fā)展，核安全與核應(yīng)急同步得到加強(qiáng)。中國(guó)的核設(shè)施、核活動(dòng)始終保持安全穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，特別是核電安全水平不斷提高。中國(guó)大陸所有運(yùn)行核電機(jī)組未發(fā)生過(guò)國(guó)際核與輻射事件分級(jí)表二級(jí)以上事件和事故，氣態(tài)和液態(tài)流出物排放遠(yuǎn)低于國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值。在建核電機(jī)組質(zhì)量保證、安全監(jiān)管、應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備體系完整。 | With the development of the nuclear energy sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency work have seen steady synchronous reinforcement. China's nuclear facilities and nuclear activities have all along been in safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclear power stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power generating units in China's mainland has suffered events or accidents rated above Level 2 under the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous and liquid effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the under-construction nuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance, safety supervision and emergency preparedness systems. |
| 中國(guó)高度重視核應(yīng)急，始終以對(duì)人民安全和社會(huì)安全高度負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度強(qiáng)化核應(yīng)急管理。早在作出發(fā)展核電決策之時(shí)就同步部署安排核應(yīng)急工作。切爾諾貝利核事故發(fā)生后，中國(guó)明確表示發(fā)展核電方針不變，強(qiáng)調(diào)必須做好核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備，1986年即開展國(guó)家核應(yīng)急工作。1991年，成立國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急委員會(huì)，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)全國(guó)核事故應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備和救援工作。1993年，發(fā)布《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理?xiàng)l例》，對(duì)核應(yīng)急作出基本規(guī)范。1997年，發(fā)布第一部《國(guó)家核應(yīng)急計(jì)劃（預(yù)案）》，對(duì)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)作出部署，之后，為適應(yīng)核能發(fā)展需要，多次進(jìn)行修訂形成《國(guó)家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》。目前，中國(guó)核應(yīng)急管理與準(zhǔn)備工作的體系化、專業(yè)化、規(guī)范化、科學(xué)化水平全面提升。 | China has always attached great importance to nuclear emergency work by taking a highly responsible attitude toward the safety of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclear emergency management. Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work in tandem with the decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake of the Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its nuclear power development policy, while stressing that a good job would be done on nuclear emergency preparedness - with the result that national nuclear emergency work got off the ground in 1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Committee was inaugurated and commissioned to make overall planning and coordinate nuclear accident emergency preparations and rescue work nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated the Regulations on Emergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclear emergency by regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan (Scenario) was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations and response in the form of a governmental decision. To cater to the needs of nuclear power development, multiple revisions have since been made to the original Plan and the latest version of National Nuclear Emergency Plan has been enacted. At present, China's nuclear emergency management and preparations have seen comprehensive upgrades in terms of system, specialization, standards and scientific rigor. |
| 按照中國(guó)核電中長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展規(guī)劃目標(biāo)，到2020年，中國(guó)大陸運(yùn)行核電裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到5800萬(wàn)千瓦，在建3000萬(wàn)千瓦左右；到2030年，力爭(zhēng)形成能夠體現(xiàn)世界核電發(fā)展方向的科技研發(fā)體系和配套工業(yè)體系，核電技術(shù)裝備在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)占據(jù)相當(dāng)份額，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)建設(shè)核電強(qiáng)國(guó)目標(biāo)。面對(duì)核能事業(yè)發(fā)展新形勢(shì)新挑戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)核應(yīng)急在技術(shù)、裝備、人才、能力、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面還存在一定不足，這也是其他國(guó)家在開發(fā)利用核能進(jìn)程中面臨的共同課題。中國(guó)將通過(guò)理念創(chuàng)新、科技創(chuàng)新、管理創(chuàng)新，不斷強(qiáng)化國(guó)家核應(yīng)急管理，把核應(yīng)急提高到新水平。 | Under China's medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020 the in-operation nuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the mainland of China plus an additional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By 2030 endeavors will have been made to put into place science and technology R&D systems along with their associated industrial systems representing the global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensure that nuclear power technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in the international market, thereby meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power country. Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements, China is still confronted with shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of technology, equipment, needed professionals, capacity and standards, which are the same problems encountered by other countries in developing nuclear energy. China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergency management and raise its nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation, scientific and technological innovation, and management innovation. |
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