2014年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 五、關(guān)于婦女和兒童權(quán)利 | V. On Women and Children's Rights |
| 美國(guó)漠視《消除對(duì)婦女一切形式歧視公約》和《兒童權(quán)利公約》。在美國(guó)，婦女遭受貧困、職場(chǎng)歧視、家庭暴力以及性侵的情況堪憂(yōu)；兒童受到校園暴力、性侵和槍擊案以及危險(xiǎn)工作環(huán)境影響，生命和健康權(quán)受到威脅。 | The U.S. disregarded the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In the U.S., women's susceptibility to poverty, workplace discrimination, domestic violence and sex harassment was worrying. The children's rights to life and health were threatened under the pall of school violence, sex molestation, gun violence, and hazardous work environment. |
| 大量婦女和兒童生活貧困。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，約4,200萬(wàn)婦女（約占美國(guó)婦女的三分之一）及2,800萬(wàn)兒童生活在貧困條件中或?yàn)l臨貧困。(96)根據(jù)無(wú)家可歸者國(guó)家中心的報(bào)告，每30個(gè)兒童就有1個(gè)無(wú)家可歸，31個(gè)州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)無(wú)家可歸兒童的數(shù)量在不斷上升。(97) | A large number of women and children lived in poverty. According to statistics, about 42 million women (about one in three American women) and 28 million children lived in poverty or were right on the brink of it (www.time.com, January 13, 2014). One in 30 American children were homeless, and child homelessness increased in 31 states and the District of Columbia, according to a report released by the National Center on Family Homelessness (www.theguardian.com, November 17, 2014). |
| 婦女在職場(chǎng)面臨薪酬歧視。在按最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獲取工資的人群中，婦女占近2/3，她們?cè)诓〖倨陂g往往沒(méi)有工資。女性工資平均僅為男性工資的77%，而非洲裔婦女和拉美裔婦女的工資更低。非洲裔婦女的工資僅為白人男性工資的64%，而拉美裔婦女的工資則僅為白人男性工資的55%。(98)女性在各個(gè)類(lèi)型工作的平均工資都低于男性，即使是在像護(hù)士等工資較低而且以女性為主的職業(yè)中，女性的工資依然低于男性。(99) | Women were faced with wage discrimination. Nearly two-thirds of minimum wage workers were women, and these workers often got zero paid sick days. The average woman was paid 77 cents for every dollar a man makes, and that figure was much lower for African American and Latino women; African American women earned only 64 cents and Hispanic women only 55 cents for every dollar made by a white man (www.time.com, January 13, 2014). In virtually every job category, the average woman earned less than the average man. Even in those low-paid jobs that tend to be dominated by women, such as nurses, men earned more (www.thinkprogress.org, April 8, 2014). |
| 女性軍人遭受性侵報(bào)告數(shù)量攀升。在美國(guó)軍隊(duì)中，平均每天至少有16起性襲擊事件被報(bào)道。根據(jù)蘭德公司所做的一份調(diào)查，在2014年9月30日之前的12個(gè)月中，有13,000件“非自愿的性接觸”事件未被報(bào)道。(100)依據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)防部所發(fā)布的報(bào)告，截至2014年9月，美國(guó)軍隊(duì)中性侵事件2014財(cái)政年度達(dá)5,983件，比2013財(cái)政年度增長(zhǎng)了8%。(101)62%女性受害者因向上級(jí)舉報(bào)性侵害而遭到了報(bào)復(fù)。(102) | Reports of female soldiers getting harassed were on the rise. In an average day in the U.S. military, at least 16 sexual assaults were reported. According to a RAND survey, 13,000 incidents of "unwanted sexual contact," went unreported during the 12 months ending September 30, 2014 (www.usatoday.com, November 7, 2014). According to a report released by the U.S. Department of Defense, there were a total of 5,983 incidents of sexual assaults in the fiscal year ending in September of 2014, up by over 8 percent from the fiscal year ending in 2013 (www.america.aljazeera.com, December 4, 2014). Some 62% of female victims said they faced repercussions for reporting assaults (www.bbc.com, December 5, 2014). |
| 家庭暴力問(wèn)題普遍。根據(jù)美國(guó)司法部司法統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，美國(guó)每年的家庭暴力數(shù)量約為96萬(wàn)起。家庭暴力受害者85%為女性。平均每天有3名女性被其伴侶殺害，有4名女性死于虐待，有3名兒童死于虐待，每年有約210萬(wàn)名美國(guó)女性遭到男性攻擊。(103)2014年以來(lái)，加州1,000多件有關(guān)虐待寄養(yǎng)兒童的投訴沒(méi)有辦結(jié)。(104) | Domestic violence was prevalent. According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice, the estimated number of domestic violence incidents per year was about 960,000. Women constituted 85 percent of victims of domestic violence. On average, 3 females were murdered by their partner each day, and 4 females and 3 children died each day as a result of abuse. Each year, 2.1 million American women were assaulted by men (www.statisticbrain.com, September 5, 2014). Since 2014, over 1,000 complaints concerning children in foster care being mistreated in California languished past the deadline for completing the investigations (The Los Angeles Times, September 13, 2014). |
| 校園槍擊、性侵問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重。在2014年初的6周內(nèi)，就發(fā)生了13起校園槍擊案，其中包括8天內(nèi)發(fā)生在高中以下學(xué)校內(nèi)的4起槍擊案。(105)2014年1月17日下午，在費(fèi)城的學(xué)校發(fā)生了兩起槍擊案，一名男孩和一名女孩遭到了槍擊，二人均為15歲。(106)美國(guó)高中性暴力現(xiàn)象令人震驚。美國(guó)大學(xué)女生協(xié)會(huì)所作的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，58%的七年級(jí)到高三的學(xué)生在一個(gè)學(xué)年里經(jīng)歷過(guò)性騷擾，五分之一的高中女生表示曾在學(xué)校被性侵犯過(guò)，八分之一的高中女生表示曾被強(qiáng)奸。有關(guān)專(zhuān)家指出，該調(diào)查揭露出“這一問(wèn)題令人震驚的廣泛性”。(107)美國(guó)大學(xué)校園彌漫著性暴力文化，像一朵“黑云”籠罩著校園，卻從未得到美國(guó)任何高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的適當(dāng)應(yīng)對(duì)。(108) | Issues of school gun violence and sexual harassment were grave. In the first six weeks of 2014 alone, there were 13 school shootings including one eight-day period in which there were four shootings in K-12 schools (www.everytown.org, February 5, 2014). On the afternoon of January 17, 2014, a boy and a girl, both aged 15, were shot in two school shootings in Philadelphia (Washington Daily News, January 18. 2014). Sex violence in American high schools was astonishing. According to a survey by the American Association of University Women, in a given school year, 58 percent of 7th-12th graders experienced sexual harassment. One in 5 high school girls said they had been sexually assaulted at school, and 1 in 8 high school girls said she had been raped. One expert said the survey had revealed the astounding pervasiveness of this problem (www.america.aljazeera.com, November 14, 2014). A culture of sex violence was casting a pall over American campus, but failed to be dealt with properly by any American higher learning institutions (The Wall Street Journal, September 30, 2014). |
| 童工從事危險(xiǎn)工作。美國(guó)勞工法允許年紀(jì)幼小者參加工作，只要他或她的父母同意且該工作不與其學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間相沖突。這意味著，一名12歲的兒童在煙草農(nóng)場(chǎng)課余時(shí)間每周工作50或60小時(shí)是完全合法的。(109)根據(jù)對(duì)美國(guó)四個(gè)最大的煙草生產(chǎn)州（北卡羅來(lái)納州、肯塔基州、田納西州和弗吉尼亞州）141名7歲至17歲的兒童煙草工人采訪，近四分之三的受訪兒童表示感到身體不適：惡心、嘔吐、頭痛、暈眩、呼吸困難或在煙草農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作時(shí)出現(xiàn)的其他嚴(yán)重癥狀，其中許多癥狀都與急性尼古丁中毒的臨床反應(yīng)一致。 | Child laborers were engaged in dangerous works. American Labor Law allows juniors to work, as long as his or her parents consent and the work does not directly conflict with school hours. That means, it is perfectly legal for a 12-year-old to work 50 or 60 hours a week in tobacco fields. Based on interviews with 141 child tobacco workers, aged 7 to 17, in the country's four largest tobacco-producing states: North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, nearly three-quarters of children interviewed reported feeling sick - with nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, or other serious symptoms while working in tobacco fields. Many of these symptoms were consistent with acute nicotine poisoning (www.politico.com, September 16, 2014). |
注(96)《時(shí)代》周刊網(wǎng)站（time.com），2014年1月13日。 注(97) 英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2014年11月17日。 注(98)《時(shí)代》周刊網(wǎng)站（time.com），2014年1月13日。 注(99) 《思考進(jìn)步》網(wǎng)站（thinkprogress.org），2014年4月8日。 注(100)《今日美國(guó)》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2014年11月7日。 注(101) 半島電視臺(tái)美國(guó)頻道網(wǎng)站（america.aljazeera.com），2014年12月4日。 注(102) 英國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.bbc.com），2014年12月5日。 注(103) 美國(guó)司法統(tǒng)計(jì)局網(wǎng)站（www.statisticbrain.com），2014年9月5日。 注(104) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》，2014年9月13日。 注(105) Everytown網(wǎng)站（everytown.org），2014年2月5日。 注(106) 《華盛頓新聞報(bào)》，2014年1月18日。 注(107) 半島電視臺(tái)美國(guó)頻道網(wǎng)站（america.aljazeera.com），2014年11月14日。 注(108) 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》，2014年9月30日。 注(109) 《政治》雜志網(wǎng)站（www.politico.com），2014年9月16日。 | |
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