2014年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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| 三、關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)權(quán)利 | III. On Economic and Social Rights |
| 盡管2014年美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)有所復(fù)蘇，但是失業(yè)和貧困依然威脅民眾的基本生存權(quán)，無家可歸者生存狀況持續(xù)惡化，不平等的分配結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致收入和財(cái)產(chǎn)差距不斷拉大，醫(yī)療和教育更傾向于服務(wù)富裕階層，普通民眾的健康權(quán)和受教育權(quán)得不到充分保障。 | Despite the gradual recovery of the U.S. economy in 2014, unemployment and poverty still threatened the basic right of survival for the U.S. people. The living conditions for homeless people continuously deteriorated; the income and property gaps caused by distribution inequality continued to enlarge; ordinary people's rights of health and education could not be well ensured as relative resources were more frequently used to serve the rich. |
| 失業(yè)威脅民眾基本生存權(quán)。據(jù)美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，2015年1月美國(guó)的失業(yè)率為5.7%，約900萬人處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)，其中280萬人處于超過27周的長(zhǎng)期失業(yè)狀態(tài)，青年失業(yè)率上升，占失業(yè)總?cè)丝诘?8.8%。(52)2014年美國(guó)的失業(yè)率雖然有所下降，但有700萬人只能找到兼職工作，比經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退開始時(shí)高出50%，且30%左右一年中至少有3個(gè)月處于失業(yè)狀況。(53)失業(yè)迫使更多人不得不從事危險(xiǎn)的崗位。美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2013年美國(guó)有734名合同工在工作中喪生，比2011年增加了35%。自2004年起，保護(hù)美國(guó)勞工法案不斷提交國(guó)會(huì)，但一直未獲通過。(54) | Unemployment posed threat to people's basic right of survival. According to the figures released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the unemployment rate of the U.S. in January 2015 stood at 5.7 percent, with some nine million people jobless and 2.8 million of them having been unemployed for 27 weeks or longer. The unemployment rate for teenagers (18.8 percent) increased in January (www.bls.gov). Although overall U.S. unemployment has fallen in 2014, seven million Americans could only find part-time positions. The number of people working part-time involuntarily is more than 50 percent higher than when the recession began, and almost 30 percent of involuntary part-time workers were unemployed for at least three months in a year (money.cnn.com, November 20, 2014). The unemployment risk forced more people to work on dangerous positions. The BLS data showed that 734 contract workers were killed on the job in the U.S. in 2013, increasing by 35 percent from the 2011 number. A bill known as the Protecting America's Workers Act has been proposed in every Congress since 2004 but has never made it out of committee (www.wsws.org, October 15, 2014). |
| 貧困率居高不下。研究顯示，2013年有超過14.5%的美國(guó)人（約4,500萬人）生活在貧困線以下，其中包括27.2%的非洲裔（約1,100萬人）。大約42.5%的非洲裔單身媽媽家庭和14.6%的老年人（約650萬人）生活在貧困中。(55)過高的貧困率導(dǎo)致了14%的美國(guó)人依賴食物救濟(jì)。(56)在紐約，靠食物救助站和流動(dòng)廚房來解決吃飯問題的人數(shù)在5年間增長(zhǎng)了20萬人，達(dá)到140萬人，這相當(dāng)于每5個(gè)紐約人中就有1人吃飯要靠慈善施舍。(57)佛羅里達(dá)州北部的17個(gè)縣有32.2萬人仍然靠食品救助站和食品救助項(xiàng)目來養(yǎng)活自己及家庭，其中29%是18歲以下的兒童。(58)2014年10月20日，聯(lián)合國(guó)安全飲用水和衛(wèi)生問題特別報(bào)告員和住房權(quán)問題特別報(bào)告員均對(duì)底特律市無力支付水費(fèi)的家庭被大規(guī)模斷水表示關(guān)切，認(rèn)為這構(gòu)成對(duì)享有飲用水和其他國(guó)際基本人權(quán)的侵犯。 | Poverty rate remained high. Research showed that over 14.5 percent of Americans (about 45 million) lived below the poverty line in 2013, of whom 27.2 percent were African Americans (about 11 million). About 42.5 percent of the African American single-mother families and 14.6 percent of people aged 65 and above (about 6.5 million) lived in poverty (www.huffingtonpost.com, September 16, 2014; seniorjournal.com, October 17, 2014). The high poverty rate left one in seven Americans relying on food pantries and meal service programs to feed themselves and their families (www.usatoday.com, August 17, 2014). Nearly one in five New Yorkers, 1.4 million people, relied on food pantries and soup kitchens across the city to eat. That represented an increase of 200,000 people in five years (The New York Daily News, March 17, 2014). An estimated 322,300 people in 17 Northeast Florida Counties turned to food pantries and meal service programs to feed themselves and their families, and 29 percent were children under age 18 (www.feedingnefl.org, August 27, 2014). On October 20, 2014, the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and Special Rapporteur on adequate housing of the United Nations voiced their concerns on the cutting-off of water supply for the families that could not pay the water bills in Detroit City, considering it a violation to the right of access to drinking water and other international basic human rights. |
| 無家可歸者基本生存狀況惡化。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，美國(guó)無家可歸的人數(shù)在2014年達(dá)到61萬多人，包括有大量的小孩、青年及退伍軍人。(59)據(jù)無家可歸者聯(lián)盟2014年11月發(fā)布的《紐約市無家可歸者基本情況》，2014年9月，紐約市無家可歸者的人數(shù)達(dá)到了58,056人，為20世紀(jì)30年代以來的最高點(diǎn)，其中包括24,631個(gè)兒童。(60)在華盛頓特區(qū)，大約有850個(gè)家庭在冬季仍然無家可歸，比2013年度增加了16%。(61)然而，發(fā)布法令禁止留宿車輛的城市，從2011年的37個(gè)上升為2014年的81個(gè)。發(fā)布法令禁止在公共空間席地而坐或躺臥的城市，也從2011年的70個(gè)上升為2014年的100個(gè)。(62)根據(jù)無家可歸者聯(lián)盟的報(bào)告，已經(jīng)有21個(gè)城市通過法律，禁止或限制在公共場(chǎng)合給無家可歸者發(fā)放食物。(63)加利福尼亞州圣荷塞市號(hào)稱是世界上最富裕的地區(qū)之一，但該市及周邊的圣克拉拉縣有大約7,600多名無家可歸者。2014年12月初，圣荷塞市政府決定永久關(guān)閉無家可歸者在該市一條小河岸邊搭建的宿營(yíng)地，在此居住的無家可歸者表示“不知道下一步該怎么辦”。(64) | The basic living conditions for homeless people deteriorated. Statistics showed that the homeless population reached to over 610,000 in the U.S. in 2014, including high levels of child, youth and veteran homelessness (america.aljazeera.com, May 28, 2014). In recent years, homelessness in New York City has reached the highest levels since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Basic facts about homelessness: New York City, released by the Coalition for the Homeless in November 2014 showed that in September 2014, there were an all-time record 58,056 homeless people, including 24,631 homeless children (www.coalitionforthethomeless.org). An estimated 850 families in Washington D.C. were projected to be homeless in the winter of 2014, a 16 percent increase from the year before (The Washington Post, October 14, 2014). However, the number of cities that prohibit sleeping in vehicles jumped from 37 in 2011 to 81 in 2014. The number that prohibit sitting or lying in public spaces increased from 70 in 2011 to 100 in 2014 (www.usatoday.com, July 16, 2014). In the U.S., 21 cities have managed to pass legislation banning or restricting organizations from sharing food with homeless populations in public places since January 2013 alone, according to a report by the National Coalition for the Homeless (www.theguardian.com, November 30, 2014). The city of San Jose in California is known as one of the world's most opulent locations, however, San Jose and the surrounding Santa Clara County estimated almost 7,600 homeless people in 2013. In early December 2014, city officials planned to begin shutting down the encampments built by the homeless people along a creek bed. The majority of the people have said they don't know what they're going to do (The Los Angeles Times, December 4, 2014). |
| 收入不平等持續(xù)擴(kuò)大。據(jù)報(bào)道，過去10年間，最富有的美國(guó)人的收入增長(zhǎng)了86%，而其他所有人的收入只增長(zhǎng)6%。(65)皮尤中心調(diào)查顯示，將自己定義為中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的人數(shù)比例從2008年的53%降到了2014年的44%。而那些將自己劃分到下層或中下層的人數(shù)從2008年的25%上升到了2014年的40%。(66)2013年貧富收入差距幾乎達(dá)到了過去80年中的最高值。(67)2014年有65%的美國(guó)民眾認(rèn)為收入不平等在持續(xù)擴(kuò)大。(68) | The income inequality has been continuously growing. Over the past decade, the incomes of the richest Americans have grown by 86 percent, while the incomes of everyone else have grown at just a little over six percent, according to media report (www.aljazeera.com, January 8, 2014). A Pew Research Center study showed that the percentage of people who classified themselves as middle class has shrunk to 44 percent in 2014 from 53 percent in 2008. At the same time, the study showed, those who classified themselves as lower- or lower-middle class has risen to 40 percent in 2014 vs. 25 percent in 2008 (www.usatoday.com, September 25, 2014). In 2013, the difference in income between the country's rich and poor was the highest in almost 80 years (www.washingtonpost.com, September 2, 2014). In 2014, 65 percent of all Americans believed inequality was growing (www.pewtrusts.org, June 11, 2014). |
| 醫(yī)療服務(wù)系統(tǒng)未能廣泛保障公民健康權(quán)。根據(jù)共同財(cái)富基金的調(diào)查，在11個(gè)同水平國(guó)家中，美國(guó)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系效率最低、最不公平、醫(yī)療產(chǎn)出最差，美國(guó)的死亡率和嬰兒死亡率均為最高，60歲人群的健康狀況最差。但與在上述其他國(guó)家生活的人相比，美國(guó)人民卻要負(fù)擔(dān)高出兩倍的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。(69) | The health care system was not able to widely protect citizens' right of health. According to Commonwealth Fund's latest findings, the U.S. health care system has the least efficient, least fair and worst health outcomes among the 11 peer nations surveyed. Americans have the highest death rate, the highest infant death rate and worst health at age 60. Yet Americans pay more than double what people in these other nations pay (edition.cnn.com, June 24, 2014). |
| 數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國(guó)每年約有4,250萬成年人（約占總成年人口的18.2%）遭受抑郁癥、躁郁癥、精神分裂癥等精神疾病折磨。(70)370萬患有嚴(yán)重精神疾病、心理困擾、物質(zhì)濫用障礙的美國(guó)人沒有醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。(71)每13分鐘就有一人自殺，每年有近4萬人自殺，自殺成為15歲至34歲人群的第二大致死原因。(72)一方面是缺乏醫(yī)療保障；另一方面，自2010年以來，美國(guó)先后關(guān)閉了43個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)院。每個(gè)被關(guān)閉的醫(yī)院所服務(wù)的居民大約有1萬人，他們是社會(huì)最弱勢(shì)的群體。(73) | Statistics revealed that every year, about 42.5 million American adults (or 18.2 percent of the total adult population in the U.S.) suffer from some mental illness, enduring conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia (www.newsweek.com, February 28, 2014). About 3.7 million Americans with serious mental illness, psychological distress or a substance abuse disorder are not covered by health insurance (www.pewtrusts.org, April 8, 2014). There's a suicide in the U.S. every 13 minutes. The nearly 40,000 American lives lost each year make suicide the second-leading killer for those aged 15-34 (The USA Today, October 10, 2014). Despite of the insufficient health care, since the beginning of 2010, 43 rural hospitals have closed, each serving about 10,000 people, who are the most vulnerable in the society (The USA Today, November 14, 2014). |
| 普通民眾的受教育權(quán)利得不到有效保障。新美國(guó)基金會(huì)的研究表明，2012年，69%的私立大學(xué)開出的學(xué)費(fèi)金額，超過年收入在3萬美元以下家庭的收入的一半。由于高額的學(xué)費(fèi)，入學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)更多地分配給了那些富裕的人。(74)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在當(dāng)代美國(guó)年輕人中，受教育程度低于其父母的達(dá)到29%。在早期教育方面，經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家參加教育項(xiàng)目的3歲兒童數(shù)量平均達(dá)到70%，而美國(guó)只有38%。(75) | The right to education of average people was not effectively protected. A study by the New America Foundation found that 69 percent of private colleges asked students whose families earned $30,000 or less to turn over half that income for tuition in 2012. College access opportunities were limited only to those who are rich enough to afford it due to high tuition fees (www.businessweek.com, September 18, 2014). Statistics showed that currently 29 percent of the young Americans have less education than their parents. Across the O.E.C.D, an average of 70 percent of three-year-olds are enrolled in education programs, while in the U.S., it's 38 percent (cn.nytimes.com, October 29, 2014). |
注(52) 美國(guó)勞工局2015年1月就業(yè)狀況統(tǒng)計(jì)（http://www.bls.gov）。 注(53) 美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)財(cái)經(jīng)頻道網(wǎng)站（money.cnn.com），2014年11月20日。 注(54) 世界社會(huì)主義網(wǎng)站（www.wsws.org），2014年10月15日。 注(55) 《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2014年9月16日；老年人新聞和信息網(wǎng)（seniorjournal.com），2014年10月17日。 注(56) 《今日美國(guó)》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2014年8月17日。 注(57) 《紐約每日新聞》，2014年3月17日。 注(58) Feeding Northeast Florida網(wǎng)站（www.feedingnefl.org），2014年8月27日。 注(59) 半島電視臺(tái)美國(guó)頻道網(wǎng)站（america.aljazeera.com），2014年5月28日。 注(60) 無家可歸者聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站（www.coalitionforthehomeless.org）。 注(61) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》，2014年10月14日。 注(62) 《今日美國(guó)》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2014年7月16日。 注(63) 英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2014年11月30日。 注(64) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》，2014年12月4日。 注(65) 半島電視臺(tái)網(wǎng)站（www.aljazeera.com），2014年1月8日。 注(66) 《今日美國(guó)》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2014年9月25日。 注(67) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2014年9月2日。 注(68) 皮尤中心網(wǎng)站（www.pewtrusts.org），2014年6月11日。 注(69) 美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2014年6月24日。 注(70) 《新聞周刊》網(wǎng)站（www.newsweek.com），2014年2月28日。 注(71) 皮尤中心網(wǎng)站（www.pewtrusts.org），2014年4月8日。 注(72) 《今日美國(guó)》，2014年10月10日。 注(73) 《今日美國(guó)》，2014年11月14日。 注(74) 美國(guó)《商務(wù)周刊》網(wǎng)站（www.businessweek.com），2014年9月18日。 注(75)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（cn.nytimes.com），2014年10月29日。 | |
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