《西藏發(fā)展道路的歷史選擇》白皮書
White Paper: Tibet's Path of Development Is Driven by an Irresistible Historical Tide
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 二、新西藏走上了一條正確發(fā)展道路 | II. New Tibet Follows a Sound Path of Development |
| 1949年中華人民共和國成立后，西藏發(fā)生了歷史性的轉(zhuǎn)變。1951年，西藏實現(xiàn)和平解放，為徹底將帝國主義勢力驅(qū)逐出西藏創(chuàng)造了條件。1959年，西藏實行民主改革，一舉結(jié)束了延續(xù)幾百年的政教合一的封建農(nóng)奴制。1965年，西藏自治區(qū)成立，社會主義制度建立。1978年后，中國開始改革開放，西藏現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)不斷取得新成就。進入21世紀(jì)以來，西藏的發(fā)展駛?cè)肟燔嚨?，全面建設(shè)小康社會不斷取得新進展。經(jīng)過60多年的建設(shè)發(fā)展，西藏各族人民逐步探索出具有中國特色、西藏特點的發(fā)展路子，一個傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代交相輝映的新西藏呈現(xiàn)在世人面前。 | Tibet has undergone historic changes after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951 made it possible to expel the forces of imperialism from Tibet, and the democratic reform in 1959 brought to an end the feudal theocratic serfdom that had endured, and exerted both religious and political power, for hundreds of years. In 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established, and the socialist system has since prevailed in Tibet. Following the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, the drive for modernization has brought extensive benefits to Tibet as much as to any other part of the country. Especially in the 21st century, Tibet has achieved even faster growth and further progress towards building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Through more than 60 years of development, the people of Tibet have found a path of development that is both characteristically Chinese and suited to the actual prevailing conditions in Tibet. Thus, a new Tibet that is a blend of both the traditional and the modern has appeared. |
| ——新西藏的發(fā)展道路，是中華民族大團結(jié)之路 | - The development path of new Tibet safeguards the unity of the Chinese nation. |
| 近代以來，由于帝國主義的侵略，西藏面臨著是統(tǒng)一于中華民族大家庭還是從中華民族大家庭中分裂出去的兩種命運。英國殖民者先后于1888年和1904年兩次武裝侵略西藏，強迫當(dāng)時的中國清朝（1644－1911年）政府簽訂不平等條約，取得在西藏的大量特權(quán)。清朝滅亡后，英國殖民者積極培植西藏分裂勢力，制造“西藏獨立”問題。1949年中華人民共和國成立后，西藏上層分裂分子和帝國主義勢力加緊策劃“西藏獨立”，企圖把西藏從中國分裂出去。中央人民政府根據(jù)西藏的歷史和現(xiàn)實情況，決定采取和平解放西藏的方針，堅定維護國家的統(tǒng)一和領(lǐng)土完整。十世班禪等藏族各界愛國人士也紛紛發(fā)出解放西藏的呼吁，要求中國人民解放軍進駐西藏，維護國家統(tǒng)一。1951年5月23日，中央人民政府和西藏地方政府的代表簽訂《關(guān)于和平解放西藏辦法的協(xié)議》(以下簡稱《十七條協(xié)議》)，西藏宣告和平解放。十四世達(dá)賴于10月24日致電中央政府主席毛澤東，表示：“西藏地方政府及藏族僧俗人民一致?lián)碜o，并在毛主席及中央人民政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下積極協(xié)助人民解放軍進藏部隊鞏固國防，驅(qū)逐帝國主義勢力出西藏，保護祖國領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的統(tǒng)一?！?/td> | Tibet faced two different possible outcomes when the imperialists invaded the plateau in the modern era: unity with or separation from the Chinese nation. British colonialists invaded Tibet twice - in 1888 and 1904 - and forced the Qing court, which ruled China from 1644 to 1911, to sign a couple of unequal treaties that accorded Britain with many privileges in Tibet. When the Qing court was overthrown in 1911, the British began fostering separatist forces in Tibet, trying to engineer "Tibetan independence." No sooner had the People's Republic of China been founded in 1949 than separatists from the upper classes of Tibet were hastening to hatch plots for "Tibetan independence" with imperialist forces, attempting to separate Tibet from the motherland. Based on an assessment of Tibet's history and the prevailing conditions there, the Central People's Government of China decided to follow a principle of peaceful liberation for Tibet so as to safeguard national unity and territorial integrity. Patriots in Tibet, including the 10th Panchen Lama, also called on the central government to liberate and station Chinese People's Liberation Army troops in Tibet to ensure the unity of the country. The peaceful liberation of Tibet was finally achieved when the Agreement of the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (also known as the "17-Article Agreement") was signed on May 23, 1951. The 14th Dalai Lama sent a telegram to Mao Zedong, chairman of the Central People's Government, which read: "...The local government of Tibet as well as the ecclesiastical and secular people unanimously support this Agreement, and, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Central People's Government, will actively assist the PLA troops entering Tibet to consolidate national defense, ousting imperialist influences from Tibet and safeguarding the unification of the territory and the sovereignty of the motherland." |
| 和平解放使西藏擺脫了帝國主義侵略勢力的羈絆，宣告了帝國主義制造“西藏獨立”圖謀的破產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)了中華民族在新的歷史條件下的大團結(jié)。和平解放還解決了達(dá)賴和班禪相互之間的歷史遺留問題，促成了西藏內(nèi)部的大團結(jié)。西藏和平解放后，中國政府逐步廢除了外國在西藏長期享有的特權(quán)。1954年，中國和印度簽訂了《關(guān)于中國西藏地方和印度之間的通商和交通的協(xié)定》，取消了印度繼承的英國侵略西藏遺留下來的特權(quán)。1956年，中國和尼泊爾簽訂《中華人民共和國和尼泊爾王國保持友好關(guān)系以及關(guān)于中國西藏地方和尼泊爾之間的通商和交通協(xié)定》，解決了西藏地方與尼泊爾歷史上的遺留問題。 | The peaceful liberation enabled Tibet to shake off the fetters of imperialism, confounded imperialist designs for an independent Tibet, and realized the unity of the Chinese nation in these new historical circumstances. It also addressed the issue between the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama left over from history, leading to unity within Tibet. After the peaceful liberation, the Chinese government gradually revoked the privileges foreign countries had awarded themselves in Tibet. In 1954, the People's Republic of China and India signed the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India, abolishing the privileges India had inherited from the British invaders. In 1956, China signed with Nepal the Agreement on Maintaining Friendly Relations between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal and on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and Nepal, settling the issue between the local Tibet government and Nepal left over from history. |
| 在此后的半個多世紀(jì)里，在中華民族大家庭中，西藏各族人民與全國各族人民同心同德，風(fēng)雨同舟，建立起平等、團結(jié)、互助、和諧的民族關(guān)系，藏族與其他民族你中有我、我中有你，誰也離不開誰。在維護國家統(tǒng)一、反對民族分裂的斗爭中，西藏各族人民緊密團結(jié)在中央政府周圍，經(jīng)受住了各種困難和風(fēng)險的考驗，維護了中華民族的團結(jié)和國家統(tǒng)一。在實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的進程中，西藏各族人民與全國各族人民共享國家發(fā)展成果和榮耀。 | Over more than half a century since then, the Tibetan people have shared one mind, and in the face of every challenge have stood together with the people of other ethnic groups of the Chinese nation. Together, they have established a harmonious relationship featuring equality, solidarity and interdependence. The people of Tibet have stood firmly with the central government in spite of hardships endured and challenges faced in the struggle against separatist forces in order to safeguard national unity and solidarity, and also to share with the rest of the country the fruits and achievements of development in the course of rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. |
| 為幫助西藏擺脫貧窮落后狀態(tài)，加快發(fā)展步伐，中央政府發(fā)揮社會主義制度和體制優(yōu)勢，舉全國之力支援西藏建設(shè)，以優(yōu)惠的政策和巨大的人力、物力、財力，不斷為西藏的發(fā)展注入新的動力。60多年來，中央財政不斷加大對西藏的財政轉(zhuǎn)移支付力度。1952－2013年，中央政府對西藏的各項財政補助達(dá)5446億元，占西藏地方公共財政支出的95%。1980年以來，中央先后五次召開西藏工作座談會，從中國社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)全局出發(fā)，對西藏的發(fā)展建設(shè)作出整體規(guī)劃。從1994年中央第三次西藏工作座談會開始，中央實施對口支援西藏的政策，安排60個中央國家機關(guān)、18個省市和17家中央企業(yè)對口支援西藏。20年來，先后有七批5965名優(yōu)秀干部進藏工作，實施援藏項目7615個，投入援藏資金260億元，主要用于改善民生和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，為西藏經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。2010年中央第五次西藏工作座談會后，中央政府按照省市財政收入的千分之一核定了17個援藏省市的援助資金量，并建立了穩(wěn)定增長機制。 | In order to help Tibet develop rapidly and get rid of poverty and backwardness, the central government has fully exploited the institutional advantages of the socialist system to pool nationwide strengths to support the construction of Tibet, and a series of preferential policies have been adopted and great financial and material resources as well as manpower have been amassed to inject new impetus to its development. For the past six decades and more, the financial department of the central government has steadily increased transfer payments for Tibet. In the period from 1952 to 2013, the central government provided 544.6 billion yuan to Tibet in financial subsidies, accounting for 95 percent of Tibet's total public financial expenditure. Since 1980, five national symposiums have been called on work in Tibet, working out integrated blueprints for Tibet's development by proceeding from the perspective of the country's overall drive for modernization. Since the Third National Symposium on Work in Tibet in 1994, the central government has put into effect the policy of pairing-up support for Tibet where 60 central state organs, 18 provinces or municipalities directly under the central government, and 17 centrally managed state-owned enterprises have been paired up with and made to provide assistance to specific areas of Tibet. Over the last two decades, a total of 5,965 of China's best officials have been appointed to work in Tibet, 7,615 assistance projects have been carried out, and 26 billion yuan has been invested in Tibet and mainly directed at improving infrastructure and quality of life. All of this assistance has made an enormous contribution to Tibet's social and economic development. After the Fifth National Symposium on Work in Tibet in 2010, the central government determined that the 17 provincial and municipal governments involved in the paired-up support program should provide Tibet with 0.1 percent of their yearly fiscal revenues as aid funds, thus establishing a mechanism to ensure a steady growth in such aiding funds. |
| ——新西藏的發(fā)展道路，是人民當(dāng)家作主之路 | - The development path of new Tibet ensures that the people are masters of their own fate. |
| 把農(nóng)奴主掌權(quán)的舊西藏改造為人民當(dāng)家作主的新西藏，是西藏社會發(fā)展的必然要求和西藏各族人民的根本愿望。在中國特色社會主義民主政治框架內(nèi)，西藏已走上現(xiàn)代民主之路，人民的各項政治權(quán)利得到充分尊重和保障。 | The transformation of the old serf-owning Tibet into a new Tibet where the people are masters of their own fate was an essential precondition of Tibet's social development and also a fundamental aspiration of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet. Within the framework of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, Tibet has embarked on a road of modern democracy, and all political rights of the people are fully respected and protected. |
| 在西藏，藏族和門巴族、珞巴族、納西族、回族、漢族等民族，共同享有平等參與國家事務(wù)管理的權(quán)利。作為國家根本政治制度的人民代表大會制度，是中國各族人民行使民主權(quán)利的主要途徑。目前在全國人民代表大會中，西藏自治區(qū)有21名代表，其中12名為藏族公民，門巴族、珞巴族雖然人口極少，也分別各有1名代表。人民政協(xié)是中國社會主義民主政治的特有形式和獨特優(yōu)勢，是中國人民實行協(xié)商民主的重要機構(gòu)。目前在中國人民政治協(xié)商會議中，西藏自治區(qū)有委員29名，其中藏族和其他少數(shù)民族委員有26名。在西藏自治區(qū)34244名四級人大代表中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族代表31901名，占93%以上，門巴族、珞巴族、納西族、回族、壯族等均有自己的代表。西藏自治區(qū)十屆人大常委會44名組成人員中有藏族和其他少數(shù)民族25名，14名常委會主任、副主任中有藏族和其他少數(shù)民族8名?；鶎用裰鹘ㄔO(shè)不斷加強。在西藏，目前95%以上的村建立了村民代表會議制度，選舉產(chǎn)生村民自治組織。村務(wù)公開、民主管理實現(xiàn)全覆蓋，90%以上的村設(shè)立公開欄，保障群眾的知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、決策權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)。192個城鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)全部建立了社區(qū)居民代表大會、社區(qū)居委會等社區(qū)組織，社區(qū)居民自治有充分的組織保證。 | In Tibet there are Tibetans, Monbas, Lhobas, Naxi's, Huis, Han's and peoples of some other ethnic groups; they all enjoy the right to equally participate in the administration of state affairs. The system of people's congress, as a basic political system of China, serves as the main channel through which the people exercise their democratic rights. Now, the Tibet Autonomous Region has 21 deputies to the National People's Congress, of whom 12 are Tibetans, and even the Monba and Lhoba ethnic groups, despite their small populations, are each represented by one. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is unique to China's socialist democracy; it is an important platform for the Chinese people to exercise deliberative democracy. At present, Tibet has 29 members on the CPPCC National Committee, including 26 from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities. Among the 34,244 deputies to the local people's congresses at all four administrative levels in Tibet, 31,901 are from the Tibetan, Monba, Lhoba, Naxi, Hui, Zhuang and other ethnic minorities, accounting for more than 93 percent. The 44-member standing committee of the tenth Tibet regional people's congress has 25 representatives from Tibetan and other ethnic minorities, who occupy eight of the 14 positions of chairpersons or vice-chairpersons. Community-level democracy is also subject to constant enhancement. More than 95 percent of Tibet's villages have established the system of villagers' representative meetings and elected villagers' self-governance organizations. All villages have made their affairs public and exercise democratic management, and more than 90 percent of them have set up billboards to guarantee the rights of the general public to be informed about, to participate in, to make decisions on, and to scrutinize local government. All of Tibet's 192 urban communities have also set up community residents' congresses and community committees, providing a solid organizational mechanism for the self-governance of local urban residents. |
| 中國從國情出發(fā)，實行民族區(qū)域自治制度。西藏是中國的五個自治區(qū)之一。按照《中華人民共和國憲法》和《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》，西藏自治區(qū)享有廣泛的自治權(quán)利，包括立法權(quán)、對國家有關(guān)法律的變通執(zhí)行權(quán)、使用民族語言文字的權(quán)利、人事管理權(quán)、財政管理權(quán)和自主發(fā)展文化教育權(quán)等。自1965年以來，西藏自治區(qū)人大及其常委會先后制定了290多部地方性法規(guī)和具有法規(guī)性質(zhì)的決議、決定，對多項全國性法律制定了適合西藏特點的實施辦法。在婚姻制度方面，西藏自治區(qū)分別于1981年和2004年制定變通條例，將《中華人民共和國婚姻法》規(guī)定的男女法定婚齡分別降低兩歲，并規(guī)定對執(zhí)行變通條例之前已經(jīng)形成的一妻多夫和一夫多妻婚姻關(guān)系，凡不主動提出解除婚姻關(guān)系者，準(zhǔn)予維持。在生育制度方面，根據(jù)《西藏自治區(qū)計劃生育暫行管理辦法（試行）》，西藏自治區(qū)對漢族干部、職工及家屬實行“一對夫婦只生育一個孩子”的政策，而對藏族和納西族、回族、壯族等民族干部、職工及戶口在單位的家屬城鎮(zhèn)居民，一對夫婦可以有間隔地生育兩個孩子，對農(nóng)牧區(qū)的農(nóng)牧民不限制生育數(shù)量，對門巴族、珞巴族以及夏爾巴人、僜人不提倡生育指標(biāo)。西藏自治區(qū)在執(zhí)行全國性法定假日的基礎(chǔ)上，還將“藏歷新年”、“雪頓節(jié)”等西藏傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日列入法定節(jié)假日。 | China's system of regional ethnic autonomy is based on the national conditions. Tibet is one of the five ethnic autonomous regions of China. According to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People's Republic of China, the Tibet Autonomous Region enjoys extensive autonomy in legislation, language, culture and education, and flexible application of relevant state laws as well as fiscal management and official appointments. Since their establishment in 1965, the regional people's congress and its standing committee have passed more than 290 local laws and regulations or resolutions and decisions of a legislative nature, and formulated measures for the flexible application of some state laws in Tibet in order to adapt them to local conditions. Tibet created alternative regulations in 1981 and 2004, in which the legal age of marriage for both men and women was reduced by two years relative to the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, and polyandrous and polygynous relationships that had existed before the regulations took effect would be allowed to continue if no one involved proposed dissolution. Tibet also issued the Interim Measures for Family Planning in Tibet Autonomous Region (Trial). Han Chinese officials and workers and their families are authorized to have only one child per couple; as regards Tibetan, Naxi, Hui and Zhuang officials and workers, and their family members whose hukous (residency registration) are in relevant urban enterprises, are allowed to have two children per couple at reasonable intervals; farmers and herdsmen in farming and pastoral areas are not subject to any restrictions, likewise there are no restrictions on couples from the Monba, Lhoba, Sherpa and Deng ethnic groups. In addition to the national holidays, Tibet has also established other public holidays, mostly traditional Tibetan festivals such as the Tibetan New Year and Shoton Festival. |
| 《中華人民共和國憲法》規(guī)定，國家?guī)椭褡遄灾蔚胤綇漠?dāng)?shù)孛褡逯写罅颗囵B(yǎng)各級干部、各種專業(yè)人才和技術(shù)工人。《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》規(guī)定，自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長、自治縣縣長由實行民族區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任；民族自治地方的自治機關(guān)所屬工作部門的干部中，應(yīng)當(dāng)合理配備實行區(qū)域自治的民族和其他少數(shù)民族的人員?！吨腥A人民共和國公務(wù)員法》規(guī)定，民族自治地方錄取公務(wù)員時，要對少數(shù)民族考生予以適當(dāng)照顧。目前，在西藏自治區(qū)干部隊伍中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族干部占70.95%，其中縣鄉(xiāng)兩級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族占70.13%。西藏自治區(qū)歷屆人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會主任和人民政府主席由藏族公民擔(dān)任。在全國高考錄取和國家公務(wù)員考試中，藏族等少數(shù)民族都享受加分政策。 | According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the state has the responsibility to help the ethnic autonomous areas train large numbers of officials at various levels, and specialized personnel and skilled workers of various professions and trades from among the ethnic group or groups in those areas. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that the chairperson of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county is to be a member of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned; other government posts in the relevant area will be assigned to members of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy and to other ethnic minorities on a proportional basis. The Civil Servant Law of the People's Republic of China provides that, where there is any employment of civil servants in an autonomous area, applicants from ethnic minorities will be given appropriate preferential treatment. In the current contingent of local officials in Tibet, 70.95 percent are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities, and among county and township leaders the proportion is very similar. Since the Tibet Autonomous Region was set up, all the chairpersons of the standing committee of the regional people's congress and of the regional people's government have been elected from the Tibetan ethnic group. Tibetan and other ethnic minority candidates for the national college entrance and civil servant exams enjoy a preferential marking system. |
| ——新西藏的發(fā)展道路，是各民族共同繁榮進步之路 | - The development path of new Tibet guarantees the common prosperity of all ethnic groups. |
| 幾十年來，在中央政府的大力支持和全國各族人民的積極幫助下，經(jīng)過西藏各族人民的團結(jié)奮斗，西藏的發(fā)展水平邁上新臺階，各項事業(yè)不斷取得新成就。 | With the full support of the central government and the generous assistance of other ethnic groups from the rest of the country, the people of Tibet have worked together to achieve widespread success. |
| 人民生活水平不斷改善。2013年，西藏地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)到807.67億元，農(nóng)牧民人均純收入達(dá)到6578元，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入達(dá)到20023元。西藏絕大多數(shù)人口擺脫了延續(xù)上千年的貧困，基本達(dá)到了小康生活水平。2006年以來實施的農(nóng)牧民安居工程全面完成，46.03萬戶、230萬農(nóng)牧民住上了安全適用的房屋。農(nóng)牧民人均居住面積達(dá)30.51平方米，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積達(dá)42.81平方米。人口大幅增長，2013年達(dá)到312.04萬人，人均預(yù)期壽命為68.2歲,分別是20世紀(jì)50年代初期的三倍和兩倍。在國家統(tǒng)計局、中國郵政集團公司和中央電視臺聯(lián)合舉辦的“CCTV經(jīng)濟生活大調(diào)查”中，拉薩市連續(xù)5年被評為中國幸福指數(shù)最高的城市。 | There have been substantial improvements in the quality of life. In 2013, the Gross Regional Product (GRP) of Tibet reached 80.767 billion yuan; the per-capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 6,578 yuan and the per-capita disposable income of urban dwellers was 20,023 yuan. The overwhelming majority of Tibetans have now shaken off poverty that had dogged them for centuries to enjoy a relatively comfortable life. The low-income housing projects for farmers and herdsmen that were initiated in 2006 have been completed, and a total of 460,300 low-income houses were built, providing safe modern housing to 2.3 million farmers and herdsmen. The average per-capita floor space of farmers and herdsmen was 30.51 sq m, and that of urban dwellers reached 42.81 sq m. In 2013, the population of Tibet rose to 3.1204 million, and average life expectancy was 68.2 years. These represent a tripling and a doubling of the respective figures from the early 1950s. According to the "CCTV Economic Life Survey" jointly sponsored by the National Bureau of Statistics, China Post Group, and China Central Television (CCTV), Lhasa has topped the "happiness index" for five consecutive years. |
| 教育衛(wèi)生和社會保障事業(yè)全面發(fā)展。西藏在全國率先實現(xiàn)學(xué)前教育、城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育和高中階段教育15年免費教育，小學(xué)學(xué)齡兒童入學(xué)率達(dá)99.59%，初中毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到98.75%，高中階段毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到72.23%。人口素質(zhì)明顯提升，基本掃除了青壯年文盲，15周歲以上人口人均受教育年限達(dá)到8.1年?；踞t(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系基本建立，現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)6660個（含村衛(wèi)生室）。以免費醫(yī)療為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)牧區(qū)醫(yī)療制度覆蓋全體農(nóng)牧民，政府經(jīng)費補助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2014年提高至年人均380元。在全國率先實現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)居民免費健康體檢。 | There has been comprehensive development in Tibet's education, health and social security. The region took the lead in China to provide its residents with a 15-year free education (three-year preschool, six-year primary school, three-year junior middle school and three-year senior middle school); 99.59 percent of school-age children are enrolled at primary level; the gross enrollment rates for junior middle school and senior middle school have reached 98.75 percent and 72.23 percent, respectively. The quality of the population is also improving. Illiteracy has been wiped out among the young and the middle-aged, and the average length of time spent in education for people above the age of 15 has reached 8.1 years. A basic medical and health service system has been established. Tibet now has 6,660 medical and health institutions. Free medical services are now available to all farmers and herdsmen in the autonomous region, with the relevant annual subsidy being raised to 380 yuan per person in 2014. Tibet is the first area in China to provide free physical examinations for urban and rural residents. |
| 現(xiàn)代化水平不斷提高?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不斷發(fā)展，建立起包括20多個門類、富有西藏特色的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)體系。以水電為主，地?zé)?、風(fēng)能、太陽能等多能互補的新型能源體系全面建成。2013年，電力裝機容量128萬千瓦，用電人口覆蓋率100%。以公路、航空、鐵路、管道運輸建設(shè)為重點的綜合交通運輸體系逐步完善。2014年，基本實現(xiàn)縣縣通公路、鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)通公路，其中62個縣通油路，青藏鐵路延伸線拉薩至日喀則鐵路建成通車。西藏已建成通航機場5個，8家航空公司在藏運營，開通國內(nèi)航線45條。遍布全區(qū)的光纜、衛(wèi)星和長途電話網(wǎng)全面建成，縣以上基本實現(xiàn)3G通信技術(shù)全覆蓋，基本實現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)通寬帶、村村通電話。2013年年底，電話普及率達(dá)到98.1部/百人，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率為37.4%。 | The drive for modernization continues. Modern industry and infrastructure are improving rapidly. A distinctive modern industrial system has been established that is adapted to the needs and conditions in Tibet and comprises more than 20 industries, in addition to the full development of a new energy system that is based on hydraulic power features complementation of geothermal, wind and solar power as well as other new energy sources. In 2013, the total installed generating capacity reached 1.28 million kw, and 100 percent of the local population was ensured access to electric power supply. A comprehensive transportation system including road, aviation, railway, and pipeline transportation has been gradually developed and improved. In 2014, every county and township now has highway access; 62 of the region's 70 counties are accessible by asphalted roads. The rail link connecting Lhasa and Shigatse - an extension to the Qinghai-Tibet Railway - is now in service. Tibet has now five airports served by eight airlines; and 45 domestic air routes link Tibet with other parts of China. A network of optical cable, satellite and long-distance telephone lines has been established in the region, and all places above county level now have 3G coverage. Every township has broadband service and every village has telephone services. By the end of 2013, the penetration rates of telephones and Internet stood at 98.1 percent and 37.4 percent, respectively. |
| 對外開放水平不斷提高。西藏經(jīng)濟逐步由封閉型向開放型、由供給型向經(jīng)營型轉(zhuǎn)變，發(fā)展步伐基本上與全國同步。目前，西藏已經(jīng)融入全國統(tǒng)一的市場體系，來自全國和世界各地的商品源源不斷地進入西藏，西藏特色商品也大量進入全國乃至世界市場。2013年，全區(qū)進出口總額為33.19億美元，赴藏旅游人數(shù)達(dá)到1291萬人次，其中境外游客22萬人次。 | Tibet is becoming increasingly open to the outside world. Keeping abreast with other parts of China, Tibet has gradually evolved from being a closed type to being one that is open and market-oriented. Tibet has been fully incorporated into the national market system. While products from all over the nation and across the world flow into Tibet, the region's own characteristic products also move in large quantities to other parts of the country and further afield. In 2013, the total value of Tibet's foreign trade reached 3.319 billion U.S. dollars; and the region hosted 12.91 million tourists, including 220,000 from overseas. |
| ——新西藏的發(fā)展道路，是西藏優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化得到傳承和弘揚之路 | ?- The development path of new Tibet facilitates the inheritance and spread of the positive aspects of traditional Tibetan culture. |
藏語言文字得到有效保護。西藏自治區(qū)分別于1987年、1988年、2002年通過立法，將學(xué)習(xí)、使用和發(fā)展藏語言文字工作納入法制化軌道。教育系統(tǒng)推行以藏語文授課為主的雙語教學(xué)體系，所有農(nóng)牧區(qū)和部分城鎮(zhèn)小學(xué)實行藏漢語文同步教學(xué)，主要課程用藏語授課。中學(xué)階段也同時用藏語文和漢語文授課，并在內(nèi)地西藏班中學(xué)開設(shè)藏語文課。在普通高等學(xué)校招生入學(xué)考試中可以使用藏語文答卷。藏文字符計算機編碼通過國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，藏文編輯系統(tǒng)、激光照排系統(tǒng)、電子出版系統(tǒng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。藏語文在政治生活中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。各級人民代表大會通過的決議、法規(guī)，西藏各級人民政府及所屬部門發(fā)布的正式文件和公告都使用藏、漢兩種文字。在司法訴訟程序中，對藏族訴訟參與人都使用藏語文審理案件，法律文書也使用藏文。國家在保護和發(fā)展藏語言文字的同時，也在包括西藏自治區(qū)在內(nèi)的全國各地公民中推廣、學(xué)習(xí)和使用國家通用語言文字，促進各民族、各地區(qū)經(jīng)濟文化交流。 | Tibet has succeeded in preserving the spoken and written Tibetan language. The region enacted three provisions in 1987, 1988 and 2002, respectively, to provide a solid legal base for the study, use and development of the Tibetan language and script. Bilingual education, with Tibetan as the principal language, is widespread in Tibet. Primary schools in all farming and pastoral areas and some urban areas use both Tibetan and Chinese in teaching, but mostly Tibetan for the major courses. Middle schools also use both languages, and Tibetan classes in middle schools in inland areas also have Tibetan language course. In the national college entrance exams, it is permissible to answer questions using Tibetan script. Computer coding of Tibetan characters has reached national and international standards. Editing, laser phototypesetting and electronic publishing in Tibetan are extensively adopted. Tibetan is widely used in political life. Resolutions, laws and regulations adopted at people's congresses at all levels, and official documents and declarations published by people's governments at various levels and their subsidiary departments in Tibet are published in both Tibetan and Chinese. In judicial proceedings, Tibetan is used to try cases involving litigants from the Tibetan group and for the relevant legal documents. While preserving and developing the Tibetan language, the state also popularizes standard Chinese throughout the country, including Tibet, so as to promote economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and regions. |
| 優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化得到保護和傳承。西藏自治區(qū)制定《西藏自治區(qū)文物保護管理條例》、《西藏自治區(qū)人民政府關(guān)于加強文物保護的布告》等，加強文物保護。現(xiàn)有各類文物點4277處，國家重點文物保護單位55處，自治區(qū)級文物保護單位391處，市縣級文物保護單位978處，國家歷史文化名城3座。布達(dá)拉宮、羅布林卡、大昭寺被列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄，拉薩、日喀則、江孜被列為國家級歷史文化名城，西藏博物館被列為國家一級博物館，西藏檔案館收藏有300多萬件重要歷史檔案。現(xiàn)有國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄76處，自治區(qū)級323項，地市級76項，縣級814項。國家級非遺代表性傳承人68名，自治區(qū)級350名，民間藏戲隊117支。格薩爾、藏戲被列入人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄?，F(xiàn)代公共文化日益普及，廣播電視綜合覆蓋率分別達(dá)到94.38%、95.51%。西藏所有行政村都有農(nóng)家書屋、所有藏傳佛教寺廟都有寺廟書屋。2011年，西藏設(shè)立文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展專項資金，扶持西藏文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。 | The outstanding traditional Tibetan culture has been preserved and handed down. Tibet has issued the Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and issued the Notice of the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Government on Strengthening the Protection of Cultural Relics, in addition to the enactment of various other relevant laws and regulations. Currently, Tibet has 4,277 cultural relic sites, including 55 key cultural heritage sites under state protection, 391 under regional protection, and 978 under city- or county-level protection, as well as three state-level historical and cultural cities (Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyangtse). The Potala Palace, the Norbulingka and Jokhang Temple are on the World Heritage List. Tibet Museum is a national A-class museum. The Tibet Archives boasts a collection of more than 3 million documents of historic importance. Tibet has 76 items listed as state-class intangible cultural heritage items, 323 as regional ones, 76 as city-level ones, and 814 as county-level ones, in addition to 68 representative trustees of such cultural items at the national level and 350 at the regional level. There are 117 Tibetan opera troupes. Tibetan opera and the Gesar epic are included in UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Modern public cultural services also extend across an ever-widening area; radio and TV coverage has reached 94.38 percent and 95.51 percent, respectively. Every administrative village or Buddhist temple in Tibet now boasts a library appropriate to its needs. In 2011, Tibet set up a special fund to support the development of cultural industries. |
| 公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利得到保障。西藏自治區(qū)存在藏傳佛教、苯教、伊斯蘭教和天主教等多種宗教，在藏傳佛教內(nèi)部還存在寧瑪、噶舉、薩迦、格魯?shù)炔煌膛伞８髅褡遄诮绦叛鲎杂蓹?quán)利受到憲法和法律的保護。各種宗教、各個教派都平等地得到尊重和保護，實現(xiàn)了真正的宗教寬容。任何國家機關(guān)、社會團體和個人不得強制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧視信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。西藏現(xiàn)有各類宗教活動場所1787座，住寺僧尼4.6萬余人，活佛358名；清真寺4座，伊斯蘭教信徒3000余人；天主教堂1座，信徒700余人。寺廟學(xué)經(jīng)、辯經(jīng)、晉升學(xué)位、受戒、灌頂、誦經(jīng)、修行等傳統(tǒng)宗教活動正常進行，每逢重大宗教節(jié)日都循例舉行各種活動。信教群眾家中普遍設(shè)有經(jīng)堂或佛龕，轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)、朝佛、請寺廟僧尼做法事等宗教活動正常進行?；罘疝D(zhuǎn)世作為藏傳佛教特有的傳承方式得到國家的尊重。1995年，西藏自治區(qū)按照宗教儀軌和歷史定制，經(jīng)過金瓶掣簽，報國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，完成了第十世班禪轉(zhuǎn)世靈童的尋訪、認(rèn)定以及第十一世班禪的冊立和坐床。2007年，國家宗教事務(wù)局通過《藏傳佛教活佛轉(zhuǎn)世管理辦法》，進一步規(guī)范了活佛轉(zhuǎn)世。民主改革以來，已有60余名新轉(zhuǎn)世活佛按歷史定制和宗教儀軌得到批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)定。 | Citizens enjoy full freedom of religious belief. In Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism, Bon, Islam, and Catholicism coexist with a number of other religions, and within Tibetan Buddhism there are different sects such as Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug. The freedom of religious belief of various ethnic groups is respected and protected by the Constitution and the laws, with all religions and sects being treated equally. This equates to true religious tolerance. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or disbelieve in, any religion, nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. Currently, Tibet has 1,787 sites for different religious activities, over 46,000 resident monks and nuns, and 358 Living Buddhas; there are four mosques and over 3,000 Muslims, and one Catholic church and 700 believers. Traditional religious activities such as learning the scriptures and debate, promotion through degrees, initiation as a monk or nun, abhisheka (empowerment ceremony), sutra chanting, and self-cultivation are held on a regular basis, while ceremonial activities are also held at important religious festivals in accordance with conventions. Ordinary believers usually have a scripture hall or a Buddha shrine at home, and such religious activities as circumambulation while reciting scriptures, Buddha worship, and inviting lamas or nuns from monasteries to hold religious rites are normally practiced. Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism and is respected by the state. Through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions like drawing lots from a golden urn, the Tibet Autonomous Region searched for and identified the reincarnation of the 10th Panchen Lama, and conferred and enthroned the 11th Panchen Lama with the approval of the State Council in 1995. The State Administration for Religious Affairs issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism in 2007 to further institutionalize the reincarnation process of Living Buddhas. Since democratic reform in Tibet, over 60 incarnated Living Buddhas have been confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals. |
| ——新西藏的發(fā)展道路，是可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路 | - The development path of new Tibet is sustainable. |
| 西藏是國家重要的生態(tài)安全屏障，對亞洲乃至世界都有著重要意義。多年來，西藏在發(fā)展過程中，始終遵循經(jīng)濟規(guī)律、社會規(guī)律和自然規(guī)律，不以犧牲自然環(huán)境為代價，注重經(jīng)濟、社會、生態(tài)的和諧統(tǒng)一，走可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路。中央政府堅持以人為本的科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，把環(huán)境保護放在突出位置，作為發(fā)展的重要選項。西藏自治區(qū)政府提出了建設(shè)西藏生態(tài)安全屏障以及建設(shè)生態(tài)西藏、美麗西藏的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，努力探索高原環(huán)境下實現(xiàn)西藏可持續(xù)發(fā)展的新路子。 | Serving as the important ecological safety barrier in China, Tibet's role is significant not only in Asia but on a global level. In recent decades, in keeping with economic, social and natural laws, Tibet has avoided development at the expense of the natural environment. Instead it has followed a sustainable path compatible with the harmonious coexistence of economy, society, and ecological environment. Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, the central government lays great emphasis on environmental protection, deeming it as an important part of development. Aiming at the strategic objectives of building the ecological safety barrier as well as ecological and beautiful Tibet, the regional government strives to establish and follow a new sustainable pattern of development on the Tibet plateau. |
| 多年來，中央和西藏自治區(qū)編制實施了一系列生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與建設(shè)規(guī)劃，對西藏的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與建設(shè)進行全面規(guī)劃與部署。中國政府在1998年和2000年制定的《全國生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)規(guī)劃》和《全國生態(tài)環(huán)境保護綱要》中，將青藏高原凍融區(qū)作為全國八大生態(tài)建設(shè)區(qū)之一，進行專門規(guī)劃，建立保護措施。2009年，中國政府通過《西藏生態(tài)安全屏障保護與建設(shè)規(guī)劃（2008－2030年）》，計劃投資158億元，爭取到2030年基本建成西藏生態(tài)安全屏障。西藏自治區(qū)編制實施了《生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)規(guī)劃》、《水土保護規(guī)劃》、《農(nóng)牧區(qū)環(huán)境綜合整治規(guī)劃》、《生態(tài)功能區(qū)規(guī)劃》等一系列生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與建設(shè)規(guī)劃，并加大通過立法保護生態(tài)環(huán)境力度，近年來修訂了《西藏自治區(qū)環(huán)境保護條例》，出臺了《西藏自治區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護監(jiān)督管理辦法》等規(guī)章。 | Over the years, both central and regional governments have devised and implemented a series of plans for ecological conservation in Tibet to make overall planning for eco-environmental protection and economic construction of the region. In the National Plan for Eco-environmental Improvement and the National Program for Eco-environmental Protection, formulated by the government in 1998 and 2000 respectively, a separate plan with specific protection measures was drawn up to make the freeze-thawing zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau one of the country's eight major areas for ecological improvement. In 2009, the national government approved the Plan for Ecology Safety Barrier Protection and Improvement in Tibet (2008-2030), aiming to complete the Tibet ecology safety barrier by 2030 with an investment of RMB 15.8 billion. The Tibet Autonomous Region has also worked out and implemented a series of plans for eco-environmental protection and construction, including the Eco-environmental Improvement Plan, Plan for Water and Topsoil Conservation, Comprehensive Improvement Plan for the Environment in Farming and Pastoral Areas, and Ecological Function Zoning. Tibet has also further intensified efforts in eco-environmental protection by way of legislation, such as amending the Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region for Environmental Protection, and issuing the Methods of the Tibet Autonomous Region on Oversight and Management of Eco-environmental Protection. |
| 國家和自治區(qū)地方政府采取了嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護措施。實施天然林保護工程、退耕還林、退牧還草工程和天然草地保護與建設(shè)、游牧民定居、人工種草、草場改良等草地生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)項目；啟動了國家森林生態(tài)效益補償基金，開展了防沙治沙、水土流失和小流域綜合治理及地質(zhì)災(zāi)害防治工作。堅持慎重發(fā)展工業(yè)的原則，嚴(yán)格限制高能耗、高污染、高排放行業(yè)在區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)展，推廣使用清潔能源，努力減少溫室氣體排放。多年來，中央政府和西藏自治區(qū)政府采取嚴(yán)格措施，嚴(yán)禁礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)。2013年，政府進一步嚴(yán)格環(huán)境準(zhǔn)入，新頒布實施生態(tài)環(huán)境保護監(jiān)督管理辦法、礦產(chǎn)資源勘查開發(fā)監(jiān)督管理辦法和環(huán)境保護考核辦法，特別是實行了礦產(chǎn)資源勘查開發(fā)自治區(qū)政府統(tǒng)一管理和環(huán)境保護一票否決制。 | Both the central and regional governments have adopted quite a number of strict measures for environmental protection. Projects have been carried out to protect natural forests, to reforest cultivated land, and to restore grassland by prohibiting grazing, as have grassland ecological environment improving programs like conservation and recovery of natural grassland, settlement of nomads, man-made grassland, and deteriorated pastureland improvement. A national fund was launched to compensate costs of public forest management. Efforts are being made in the areas of desertification control, water and soil conservation, comprehensive control of the drainage basins of small rivers, and prevention of geological disasters. Tibet's regional government is very prudent in developing industry, imposing strict constraints on industries that are heavy consumers of energy, and those which cause severe pollution or issue heavy emissions. It advocates the use of clean energy, and endeavors to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. The central and regional governments have adopted strict measures to prohibit exploitation of mineral resources. In 2013, the Tibetan government issued and began implementing regulations on supervising eco-environmental protection, regulations on supervising the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, and measures on evaluating environmental conservation, further controlling the access to mineral development licenses through stricter environmental standards. The autonomous region has brought exploration and exploitation of mineral resources under its unified management, and vetoes any project that fails to meet the environment standards. |
| 在各方面的共同努力下，西藏的生態(tài)文明建設(shè)取得明顯成效。目前，西藏的自然保護區(qū)面積達(dá)到41.37萬平方公里，占全區(qū)國土面積的33.9%，居全國之首；森林覆蓋率達(dá)11.91%，活林木總蓄積量居全國首位；各類濕地面積600多萬公頃，居全國首位。125種國家重點保護野生動物、39種國家重點保護野生植物在自然保護區(qū)得到很好保護。截至2012年年底，西藏有天然草地面積8511萬公頃，其中可用天然草地面積6910萬公頃。目前，西藏仍是世界上環(huán)境質(zhì)量最好的地區(qū)之一，大部分區(qū)域處于原生狀態(tài)。 | Thanks to concerted efforts made by all parties concerned, great progress has been made in Tibet's ecological improvement. Currently, its nature reserves, which amount to 413,700 sq km, or 33.9 percent of the total land area of the region, lead the whole country. Its forest coverage rate reaches as high as 11.91 percent, and the region tops the whole country in total growing wood stock. Tibet boasts 6 million ha of wetlands, leading all the other areas of China. All the region's 125 species of wild animals and 39 wild plants under state protection are well cared for in the established nature reserves. By the end of 2012, Tibet had 85.11 million ha of natural grassland in total, of which 69.1 million ha was available for grazing. Tibet remains one of the areas with the best environmental quality in the world, with most parts of the region maintaining their original natural state. |
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